This is a list of emperors of the Tang dynasty (618–690, 705–907) of China. Tang monarchs like Emperor Taizong of Tang were also addressed to as the Khan of Heaven (Tian Kehan) by Turkic peoples.
| Emperor of the Tang dynasty | |
|---|---|
| 唐朝皇帝 | |
Imperial | |
 | |
| Details | |
| Style | His Imperial Majesty Zhaijia (宅家) Shengren (聖人) Khan of Heaven (天可汗) (Taizong → Daizong) |
| First monarch | Emperor Gaozu |
| Last monarch | Emperor Ai |
| Formation | 618 (first establishment) 705 (restoration) |
| Abolition | 690 (usurpation by Wu Zhou dynasty) 907 (final collapse) |
| Residence | Taiji Palace, Chang'an Daming Palace, Chang'an |
| Appointer | Hereditary |
List of emperors
editThe Chinese naming conventions is "Tang" (唐)+ temple name (e.g. Tang Gaozu), except for Emperors Shang and Ai, who are better known by their posthumous name.
| Image | Temple name | Personal name[1] | Reigned from[2] | Reigned until[1][a] | Posthumous name[b] | Era name and years[4] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gaozu 高祖 |
Li Yuan 李渊 |
18 June 618 | 4 September 626 abdicated[5] |
Emperor Shenyao 神堯皇帝 |
|
|
Taizong 太宗 |
Li Shimin 李世民 |
4 September 626 | 10 July 649[6] | Emperor Wenwu 文武皇帝 |
|
|
Gaozong[c] 高宗 |
Li Zhi 李治 |
15 July 649 | 27 December 683[7] | Emperor Tianhuang 天皇大帝 |
|
|
Zhongzong[d] 中宗 |
Li Xian 李显 |
3 January 684 | 26 February 684[7] deposed[5] |
— |
|
|
Ruizong[e] 睿宗 |
Li Dan 李旦 |
27 February 684 | 16 October 690[8] deposed[5] |
— |
|
| Interregnum (Wu Zhou dynasty) | ||||||
|
|
Zhongzong (second reign) |
Li Xian 李显 |
23 February 705 | 3 July 710 | Emperor Xiaohe 孝和皇帝 |
|
| none[f] | Li Chongmao 李重茂 |
5 July 710 | 25 July 710[g] | Emperor Shang 殤皇帝 |
| |
|
|
Ruizong (second reign) |
Li Dan 李旦 |
25 July 710 | 8 September 712 abdicated[5] |
Emperor Xuanzhen 玄真皇帝 |
|
|
Xuánzong 玄宗 |
Li Longji 李隆基 |
8 September 712 | 12 August 756 abdicated[5] |
Emperor Zhidao I 至道皇帝 |
|
|
Suzong 肅宗 |
Li Heng 李亨 |
12 August 756 | 16 May 762 | Emperor Wenming 文明皇帝 |
|
|
Daizong 代宗 |
Li Yu 李豫 |
18 May 762 | 23 May 779 | Emperor Ruiwen 睿文皇帝 |
|
|
Dezong 德宗 |
Li Gua 李适 |
12 June 779 | 25 February 805 | Emperor Shenwu 神武皇帝 |
|
| Shunzong 順宗 |
Li Song 李誦 |
28 February 805 | 28 August 805 killed[5] |
Emperor Zhide 至德皇帝 |
| |
|
Xianzong 憲宗 |
Li Chu 李純 |
5 September 805 | 14 February 820 killed[5] |
Emperor Zhaowen 昭文皇帝 |
|
|
Muzong 穆宗 |
Li Heng 李恆 |
20 February 820 | 25 February 824 | Emperor Ruisheng 睿聖皇帝 |
|
| Jingzong 敬宗 |
Li Zhan 李湛 |
29 February 824 | 9 January 827 killed[5] |
Emperor Ruiwu 睿武皇帝 |
| |
|
Wenzong 文宗 |
Li Ang 李昂 |
13 January 827 | 10 February 840 | Emperor Yuansheng 元聖皇帝 |
|
|
Wuzong 武宗 |
Li Yan 李炎 |
20 February 840 | 22 April 846 | Emperor Zhidao II 至道皇帝 |
|
|
Xuānzong 宣宗 |
Li Chen 李忱 |
25 April 846 | 7 September 859 | Emperor Yuansheng 元聖皇帝 |
|
|
Yizong 懿宗 |
Li Cui 李漼 |
13 September 859 | 15 August 873 | Emperor Zhaosheng 昭聖皇帝 |
|
|
Xizong 僖宗 |
Li Xuan 李儇 |
15 August 873 | 20 April 888 | Emperor Huisheng 惠聖皇帝 |
|
|
Zhaozong 昭宗 |
Li Ye 李曄 |
22 April 888 | 22 September 904 | Emperor Shengmu 聖穆皇帝 |
|
| Jingzong 景宗 |
Li Zhu 李柷 |
26 September 904 | 12 May 907 deposed[5] |
Emperor Ai 哀皇帝 |
| |
Timeline
edit
References
edit- ^ a b Heng 1999, p. ix; Cotterell 2008, p. 283.
- ^ Kroll 2019, pp. xi–xiii.
- ^ Old Book of Tang Vol 4
- ^ Twitchett 1979, p. viii; Kroll 2019, pp. xi–xiii.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Twitchett 1979, p. xviii; Cotterell 2008, p. 283.
- ^ Kang-i Sun Chang, ed. (2010). The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 293. ISBN 9780521855587.
- ^ a b Jinhua Chen (2007). The Many Lives of Fazang (643-712). Brill. p. 168. ISBN 9789047420002.
- ^ Kroll 2019, p. 3.
- ^ Jinhua Chen (2016). The Middle Kingdom and the Dharma Wheel. Brill. pp. 141–142. ISBN 9789004322585.
- ^ Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2000). Sui-Tang Changʻan. University of Michigan. p. 68. ISBN 9780892641376.
Notes
edit- ^ Exact dates are extracted from the Old Book of Tang and converted to Western dates using the Calendar converter of Academia Sinica.
- ^ These are just the shortened versions of the names. Gaozu's full posthumous name, for example, was actually Shényáo Dàshèng Dàguāng Xiào Huángdì (神堯大聖大光孝皇帝, "Emperor Yao the Divine, the Great Sage, the Most Radiantly Filial").[3]
- ^ In the late years of his reign he was influenced by Empress Wu
- ^ Under the rule of his mother Wu Zetian
- ^ Under the rule of his mother Wu Zetian
- ^ Better known for his porthumous name, Emperor Shang, or as Emperor Shao ("young").
- ^ Some sources give the period of his reign as 5–18 July,[9] while others give 8–25 July.[10]
Sources
edit- Cotterell, Arthur (2008). "Emperors and Their Reigns". The Imperial Capitals of China. New York: Overlook Press. ISBN 978-1-4683-0605-7.
- Heng, Chye Kiang (1999). "List of Selected Dynasties and Rulers". Cities of Aristocrats and Bureaucrats: The Development of Medieval Chinese Cityscapes. Singapore: Singapore University Press. ISBN 978-9971-69-223-0.
- Kroll, Paul W. (2019). "Tang Emperors' Accession Dates and Reign Titles". Critical Readings on Tang China. Vol. 1. Brill. ISBN 9789004380158.
- Twitchett, Denis (1979). "The T'ang emperors and their reign periods". The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-21446-9.