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List of endemic birds of Borneo

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The island of Borneo, located in southeast Asia at the southern edge of the South China Sea, is home to one endemic bird family, three endemic bird genera and 61 endemic bird species. All but one of the latter are forest dwellers, with most restricted to the spine of hills and mountains running down the middle of the island. The avian endemism has been shaped by the island's geological history. Borneo sits on a continental shelf. During glacial periods, when water levels were lower, Borneo was linked with other islands on the shelf and with the Malay Peninsula in a large landmass known as Sundaland. This allowed bird species to move freely throughout the region until the waters rose again as the glaciers melted. Separated from their relatives by the sea, some of these species evolved over millennia into the endemics now found on the island. BirdLife International has designated the mountainous central spine of the island as an Endemic Bird Area (EBA) because of the number of endemic species found there, and has further designated several lowland regions and nearby islands as secondary EBAs. Habitat destruction is a major threat to Borneo's endemic birds, as forests are lost to palm oil plantations and timber harvesting.

A topographical map of Borneo, showing altitude with colours; green lowlands around the island's edges with a spine of mountains down the middle showing in various shades of brown, rust and white; country borders marked in red
Map of Borneo, showing the island's topography

Geology and geological history

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Borneo is an island located in southeast Asia, on the continental shelf at the southern edge of the South China Sea. It lies south of the Philippines, west of Sulawesi, north of Java, and east of Peninsular Malaysia. With an area of 748,168 km2 (288,869 sq mi), it is the world's third largest island. More than half of the island is lowlands, rising to less than 150 m (490 ft). However, a spine of mountains runs down much of the central portion of the island. These include Mount Kinabalu, which at 4,095 m (13,435 ft) is the tallest mountain between the Himalayas and West Papua. The island is shared by three countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei.[1] While the lowlands are the most productive habitat in terms of the number of bird species found there, the mountains are the seat of Borneo's endemism.[2] This is in large part due to the island's geological history.[3]

During the Pleistocene, the world's polar caps repeatedly advanced and retreated, alternately locking vast amounts of water into ice, and releasing it back into the world's oceans. This caused the water level in the oceans to repeatedly rise and fall. During glacial periods, when water levels were at their lowest, much of the Sunda Shelf was exposed. This linked what are now discrete islands (including Borneo, Java, Sumatra, and a host of smaller islands) with the Malay Peninsula in one large landmass known as Sundaland. During periods when the shelf was exposed, birds could move freely across the whole landmass. When the waters rose again, these birds were cut off from their relatives, and evolved in isolation on the various islands. Temperatures were cooler overall during glacial periods, so montane birds (those generally restricted to the slopes of mountains) could move lower and spread across larger areas. During interglacial periods, they retreated to higher elevations and were separated again from other populations, including birds in the lowlands.[3][4] Studies have shown that some endemic montane species are most closely related to species in Borneo's lowlands, while others are more closely related to montane species on other Sundaland islands.[5]

Endemism and threats

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The island is home to a single endemic family: Pityriaseidae, which contains a single endemic genus (Pityriasis) with a single endemic species, the Bornean bristlehead.[6] In addition, the island holds two other endemic genera, both of which are also monotypic: Chlamydochaera (the fruithunter) and Haematortyx (the crimson-headed partridge).[6] Two other monotypic genera formerly considered to be endemic to the island—Chlorocharis and Oculocincta—have since been merged into more widespread genera. Chlorocharis was merged into the large white-eye genus Zosterops after molecular studies showed it nested comfortably within that genus. The same studies showed that Oculocincta was embedded within the smaller white-eye genus Heleia, leading it to be moved as well.[7][8][9]

There are 61 endemic bird species on Borneo, according to the taxonomy proposed by the International Ornithologists' Union.[9] Nearly all of these are forest birds; only the dusky munia is not. In all, roughly 10% of Borneo's forest birds are endemic to the island. Of these, 60% are montane species, 30% are found on lower slopes, and 10% are lowland species.[10] However, Borneo's forests are under threat, particularly in the lowlands. Nearly 40% of the island's forests had been completely cleared by 2016, and another 34% had been selectively logged.[11] Some 80% of Kalimantan's forests have been sold to timber concessions.[12] Much of the original lowland forest has been converted to palm oil plantations; these now cover more than 32% of Kalimantan's lowland area.[11] This results in a huge loss of biodiversity. While the original dipterocarp forests are home to more than 220 bird species, for example, palm plantations support only about 14 resident species.[13] Some 80% of Kalimantan's forests have been opened up to timber concessions, even in protected areas.[12][14] Many highland forests fall into protected areas—including national parks and forest reserves—but such gazetting does not always guarantee true protection, with logging occurring even in those areas.[15]

Endemic Bird Areas

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Mount Kinabalu is the tallest of the island's mountains,[1] and the best place to see its montane endemics.[16]

Birdlife International defines Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs) as places where the breeding ranges of two or more range-restricted species—those with breeding ranges of less than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi)—overlap. In order to qualify, the whole of the breeding range of at least two range-restricted species must fall entirely within the EBA.[17] Borneo has one such area. The Bornean mountains EBA (157) comprises 130,000 km2 (50,000 sq mi) of mountain ranges in Borneo's interior, at an altitude above 500 m (1,600 ft) in elevation. These mountains are found in all three countries which share the island. Two of Borneo's three endemic genera are found here; only the Borneo bristlehead is found at lower elevations. In total, 31 range-restricted species occur within this EBA.[18]

BirdLife International has also designated five Secondary EBAs for Borneo: two smaller island groups and three areas on Borneo itself. Secondary EBAs are those which either include the breeding range of only a single range-restricted species, or those which cover only part of a range-restricted bird's breeding area.[19]

  • The Sabah lowlands secondary area (s098) encompasses the lowlands of the Malaysian state of Sabah, at the northern end of Borneo. The breeding range of the white-fronted falconet, a near-threatened species, falls entirely within the area. Part of the breeding range of the white-crowned shama is also included. The secondary area includes eight designated IBAs.[21]
  • The Kalimantan lowlands secondary area (s099) encompasses the lowland forest thought to contain the breeding range of the black-browed babbler, a presumably threatened species rediscovered in 2020, more than 170 years after the only specimen was collected.[22][23] There are no IBAs in this secondary area.[22]

List of endemic species

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IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX Extinct (0 species)
 EW Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR Critically Endangered (0 species)
 EN Endangered (1 species)
 VU Vulnerable (5 species)
 NT Near threatened (13 species)
 LC Least concern (37 species)
Other categories
 DD Data deficient (2 species)
 NE Not evaluated (2 species)
Endemic species
Taxon.
order[nb 1] 		Common name Picture Scientific name Habitat IUCN
status[nb 2] 		Notes EBA
1 Hose's partridge   Rhizothera dulitensis Hill and lower montane forest[28] VU IUCN Also known as Dulit partridge.[29]
2 Red-breasted partridge   Arborophila hyperythra Hill dipterocarp forest; lower and upper montane forest[30] LC IUCN Also known as Bornean partridge.[31] 157
3 Crimson-headed partridge   Haematortyx sanguiniceps Hill dipterocarp forest; lower and upper montane forest[30] LC IUCN 157
4 Bulwer's pheasant   Lophura bulweri Hill and lower montane forest[32][33] VU IUCN
5 Bornean peacock-pheasant   Polyplectron schleiermacher Lowland and hill dipterocarp forest[33][34] EN IUCN
6 Dulit frogmouth   Batrachostomus harterti Hill dipterocarp forest; lower montane forest[30] NT IUCN 157
7 Bornean frogmouth Batrachostomus mixtus Hill dipterocarp forest; lower montane forest[30] NT IUCN
8 Bornean swiftlet Collocalia dodgei Upper montane forest[35][36] LC IUCN Sometimes considered to be a subspecies of the cave swiftlet or the glossy swiftlet.[37]
9 Bornean ground cuckoo   Carpococcyx radiceus Lowland primary dipterocarp and riverine forest[38][39] NT IUCN
10 Mountain serpent eagle Spilornis kinabaluensis Upper montane forest[30] VU IUCN 157
11 Whitehead's trogon   Harpactes whiteheadi Lower and upper montane forest[30] NT IUCN 157
12 Mountain barbet Psilopogon monticola Lower and upper montane forest[30] LC IUCN 157
13 Golden-naped barbet   Psilopogon pulcherrimus Upper montane forest[30] LC IUCN 157
14 Bornean barbet   Psilopogon eximius Lower and upper montane forest[30] LC IUCN 157
15 Brown barbet   Caloramphus fuliginosus Lowland dipterocarp forest and lower hill forest, swamp forest and kerangas forest[40][41] LC IUCN Sometimes known as the Bornean brown barbet.[42]
16 White-fronted falconet   Microhierax latifrons Lowland dipterocarp forest[43][44] NT IUCN s098
17 Hose's broadbill   Calyptomena hosii Hill dipterocarp forest; lower montane forest[30] NT IUCN 157
18 Whitehead's broadbill   Calyptomena whiteheadi Lower and upper montane forest[30] LC IUCN 157
19 Bornean banded pitta   Hydrornis schwaneri Lowland and hill dipterocarp forest[45][46] LC IUCN
20 Blue-headed pitta   Hydrornis baudii Lowland dipterocarp forest[45][46] VU IUCN
21 Black-crowned pitta   Erythropitta ussheri Lowland dipterocarp forest[45][47] NT IUCN
22 Blue-banded pitta   Erythropitta arquata Hill and lower montane forest, particularly bamboo groves[45][47] LC IUCN
23 Bornean bristlehead   Pityriasis gymnocephala Lowland and hill dipterocarp forest[48][49] NT IUCN
24 Bornean whistler   Pachycephala hypoxantha Lower and upper montane forest[30] LC IUCN 157
25 Black oriole   Oriolus hosii Lower and upper montane forest[30] NT IUCN 157
26 Bornean black magpie   Platysmurus aterrimus Lowland forest and swamp forest LC IUCN Formerly considered to be a subspecies of the black magpie; split in 2021.
27 Bornean green magpie   Cissa jefferyi Lower forest[48][50] LC IUCN
28 Bornean treepie   Dendrocitta cinerascens Hill dipterocarp forest; lower and upper montane forest[48][50] LC IUCN
29 Charlotte's bulbul   Iole charlottae Lowland and hill dipterocarp and peat swamp forests[51][52] NT IUCN Sometimes considered to be a subspecies of the buff-vented bulbul.[53]
30 Bornean bulbul   Rubigula montis Lower and upper montane forest[54][55] LC IUCN
31 Cream-eyed bulbul Pycnonotus pseudosimplex Lowland and hill dipterocarp and peat swamp forests; lower montane forests[56][57] LC IUCN
32 Pale-faced bulbul   Pycnonotus leucops Upper montane forest[54][58] LC IUCN Sometimes considered to be a subspecies of the flavescent bulbul.[59]
33 Bornean stubtail   Urosphena whiteheadi Hill dipterocarp forest; lower and upper montane forest[30] LC IUCN 157
34 Friendly bush-warbler   Locustella accentor Upper montane forest[30] LC IUCN 157
35 Chestnut-crested yuhina   Staphida everetti Hill dipterocarp forest; lower and upper montane forest[30] LC IUCN 157
36 Pygmy white-eye Heleia squamifrons Hill dipterocarp forest and lower montane forest[30] LC IUCN 157
37 Mountain blackeye   Zosterops emiliae Upper montane forest[30] LC IUCN 157
38 Meratus white-eye   Zosterops meratusensis Montane forest LC IUCN
39 Bare-headed laughingthrush   Melanocichla calva Lower and upper montane forest[30] LC IUCN 157
40 Black-throated wren-babbler   Turdinus atrigularis Lowland dipterocarp forest[60][61] NT IUCN
41 Black-browed babbler   Malacocincla perspicillata Probably lowland forest[62][63] DD IUCN Rediscovered in 2020, more than 170 years after the only specimen was collected.[23] s099
42 Mountain wren-babbler   Gypsophila crassa Lower and upper montane forest[30] LC IUCN 157
43 Bornean wren-babbler Ptilocichla leucogrammica Lowland dipterocarp and peat swamp forests; kerangas forest[60][64] VU IUCN
44 Chestnut-hooded laughingthrush   Pterorhinus treacheri Hill dipterocarp forest; lower and upper montane forests[65][66] LC IUCN
45 Everett's thrush   Zoothera everetti Lower and upper montane forest[30] NT IUCN 157
46 Fruithunter   Chlamydochaera jefferyi Lower and upper montane forest[30] LC IUCN 157
47 White-crowned shama   Copsychus stricklandii Lowland and hill dipterocarp and peat swamp forests; lower montane forest[67][68] LC IUCN Sometimes considered to be a subspecies of the white-rumped shama.[69]
48 Dayak blue flycatcher   Cyornis montanus Montane forest LC IUCN Sometimes considered to be a subspecies of the hill blue flycatcher (aka Javan blue flycatcher). 157
49 Meratus blue flycatcher   Cyornis kadayangensis Montane forest NT IUCN 157
50 Bornean blue flycatcher   Cyornis superbus Lowland and hill dipterocarp forest[70][71] LC IUCN
51 Crocker jungle flycatcher Cyornis ruficrissa Montane forest Not recognised by IUCN Sometimes considered to be a subspecies of the Philippine jungle flycatcher. 157
52 Eyebrowed jungle flycatcher   Vauriella gularis Lower and upper montane forest[30] LC IUCN 157
53 Bornean forktail   Enicurus borneensis Streams in lower to upper montane forest[72][73] Not recognised by IUCN Sometimes considered to be a subspecies of the white-crowned forktail.[74]
54 Bornean whistling thrush   Myophonus borneensis Lower and upper montane forest[75][73] LC IUCN
55 Bornean leafbird   Chloropsis kinabaluensis Lower and upper montane forest[76][77] LC IUCN
56 Yellow-rumped flowerpecker   Prionochilus xanthopygius Lowland, hill and lower montane forest[78][79] LC IUCN
57 Spectacled flowerpecker   Dicaeum dayakorum Lowland and hill dipterocarp forest[80][79] DD IUCN Described to science in 2019.[81]
58 Black-sided flowerpecker   Dicaeum monticolum Hill dipterocarp forest; lower and upper montane forest[30] LC IUCN 157
59 Bornean spiderhunter Arachnothera everetti Lowland, hill, and lower montane forest[82][83] LC IUCN Sometimes considered to be a subspecies of streaky-breasted spiderhunter.[84]
60 Whitehead's spiderhunter   Arachnothera juliae Lower and upper montane forest[30] LC IUCN 157
61 Dusky munia   Lonchura fuscans Scrub, gardens, grasslands, and rice paddies[85][86] LC IUCN

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ This list uses the taxonomy proposed by the International Ornithologists' Union.[9] Avian checklists and field guides typically list species in taxonomic order to show the evolutionary relationships between species; those which are more closely related are physically listed nearer each other.[27]
  2. ^ This column sorts by threat level, as outlined in the key above.

Citations

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  1. ^ a b Myers 2016, p. 9.
  2. ^ Phillipps & Phillipps 2014, p. 30.
  3. ^ a b Myers 2016, p. 11.
  4. ^ Phillipps & Phillipps 2014, p. 22.
  5. ^ Gawin et al. 2014, p. 87.
  6. ^ a b Myers 2016, p. 22.
  7. ^ Moyle et al. 2009, p. 1864.
  8. ^ Lim et al. 2018.
  9. ^ a b c Gill, Donsker & Rasmussen 2021.
  10. ^ Davison 2016, p. 8.
  11. ^ a b Myers 2016, p. 27.
  12. ^ a b Myers 2016, p. 28.
  13. ^ Phillipps & Phillipps 2014, p. 31.
  14. ^ Curran et al. 2004, p. 1001.
  15. ^ Borneo Today 2017.
  16. ^ Phillipps & Phillipps 2014, p. 330.
  17. ^ BirdLife International 2004.
  18. ^ BirdLife International 2021b.
  19. ^ Stattersfield et al. 1998, p. 24.
  20. ^ a b BirdLife International 2021e.
  21. ^ BirdLife International 2021f.
  22. ^ a b BirdLife International 2021c.
  23. ^ a b Akbar et al. 2020, p. 13.
  24. ^ BirdLife International 2021a.
  25. ^ BirdLife International 2021h.
  26. ^ a b BirdLife International 2021d.
  27. ^ Cornell Lab of Ornithology 2015.
  28. ^ Myers 2016, p. 44.
  29. ^ Birdlife International 2016a.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Stattersfield et al. 1998, p. 486.
  31. ^ BirdLife International 2016b.
  32. ^ Phillipps & Phillipps 2014, p. 44.
  33. ^ a b Myers 2016, p. 48.
  34. ^ Phillipps & Phillipps 2014, p. 46.
  35. ^ Phillipps & Phillipps 2014, p. 182.
  36. ^ Myers 2016, p. 170.
  37. ^ Moyle et al. 2008, pp. 94–95.
  38. ^ Phillipps & Phillipps 2014, p. 168.
  39. ^ Myers 2016, p. 148.
  40. ^ Phillipps & Phillipps 2014, p. 204.
  41. ^ Myers 2016, p. 194.
  42. ^ BirdLife International 2016c.
  43. ^ Phillipps & Phillipps 2014, p. 96.
  44. ^ Myers 2016, p. 88.
  45. ^ a b c d Phillipps & Phillipps 2014, p. 216.
  46. ^ a b Myers 2016, p. 206.
  47. ^ a b Myers 2016, p. 208.
  48. ^ a b c Phillipps & Phillipps 2014, p. 236.
  49. ^ Myers 2016, p. 214.
  50. ^ a b Myers 2016, p. 232.
  51. ^ Phillipps & Phillipps 2014, p. 246.
  52. ^ Myers 2016, p. 244.
  53. ^ ITIS 2012a.
  54. ^ a b Phillipps & Phillipps 2014, p. 248.
  55. ^ Myers 2016, p. 238.
  56. ^ Phillipps & Phillipps 2014, p. 244.
  57. ^ Myers 2016, p. 242.
  58. ^ Myers 2016, p. 240.
  59. ^ ITIS 2012b.
  60. ^ a b Phillipps & Phillipps 2014, p. 262.
  61. ^ Myers 2016, p. 260.
  62. ^ Phillipps & Phillipps 2014, p. 258.
  63. ^ Myers 2016, p. 262.
  64. ^ Myers 2016, p. 258.
  65. ^ Phillipps & Phillipps 2014, p. 270.
  66. ^ Myers 2016, p. 266.
  67. ^ Phillipps & Phillipps 2014, p. 284.
  68. ^ Myers 2016, p. 280.
  69. ^ CABI 2021.
  70. ^ Phillipps & Phillipps 2014, p. 294.
  71. ^ Myers 2016, p. 284.
  72. ^ Phillipps & Phillipps 2014, p. 286.
  73. ^ a b Myers 2016, p. 292.
  74. ^ ITIS 2012c.
  75. ^ Phillipps & Phillipps 2014, p. 280.
  76. ^ Phillipps & Phillipps 2014, p. 220.
  77. ^ Myers 2016, p. 300.
  78. ^ Phillipps & Phillipps 2014, p. 304.
  79. ^ a b Myers 2016, p. 302.
  80. ^ Phillipps & Phillipps 2014, p. 306.
  81. ^ Saucier et al. 2019.
  82. ^ Phillipps & Phillipps 2014, p. 314.
  83. ^ Myers 2016, p. 314.
  84. ^ BirdLife International 2021g.
  85. ^ Phillipps & Phillipps 2014, p. 318.
  86. ^ Myers 2016, p. 318.

References

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