Wikipedia

Santiago de los Caballeros

(Redirected from Ensanche Libertad)
For other places named Santiago, see Santiago (disambiguation).

Santiago de los Caballeros (English: Saint James of the Knights), often shortened to Santiago, is the second-largest city in the Dominican Republic and the fourth-largest city in the Caribbean by population.[4] It is the capital of Santiago Province and the largest major metropolis in the Cibao region of the country. Santiago is the largest Caribbean city that is not a capital city, and it is also the largest non-coastal metropolis in the Caribbean islands. The city has a total population of 771,748 inhabitants (2022).[2] Santiago is located approximately 155 km (96 mi) northwest of the capital Santo Domingo with an average altitude of 178 m (584 ft).

Santiago de los Caballeros
City
Santiago de los Caballeros
Official seal of Santiago de los Caballeros
Seal
Nickname: 
Ciudad Corazón
Motto(s): 
"La Ciudad Corazón", "Primer Santiago de América" (in Spanish)
("The Heartland City", "First Santiago of the Americas")
Santiago de los Caballeros is located in the Dominican Republic
Santiago de los Caballeros
Santiago de los Caballeros
Location in the Dominican Republic
Coordinates: 19°27′26″N 70°41′20″W / 19.45722°N 70.68889°W / 19.45722; -70.68889
Country Dominican Republic
ProvinceSantiago
MunicipalitySantiago de los Caballeros
Founded1495
Government
 • MayorUlises Rodriguez
Area
 • Total
524.01 km2 (202.32 sq mi)
Elevation
[1]
175 m (574 ft)
Population
 (2022 census)[2]
 • Total
771,748
 • Density1,500/km2 (3,800/sq mi)
 • Demonym
Spanish: Santiaguero; Santiagueño
GDP (PPP, constant 2015 values)
 • Year2023
 • Total$16.0 billion[3]
 • Per capita$23,200
Time zoneUTC-4 (Atlantic Standard Time)
ClimateAm
Municipal districts5
Website[6]

Founded in 1495 during the first wave of European settlement in the New World, the city is the "first Santiago of the Americas".[5] Today it is one of the Dominican Republic's cultural, political, industrial and financial centers. Due to its location in the fertile Cibao Valley, it has a robust agricultural sector and is a leading exporter of rum, textiles, and cigars.[6] Santiago is known as "La Ciudad Corazón" (the "Heartland City").[7]

Santiago de los Caballeros has historically been an important strategic city in the Dominican War of Independence. The city's name, Saint James of the Knights, refers to the Hidalgos de la Isabela, a group of knights who had come from La Isabela city to stay in Santiago. Sometimes, the city is called Santiago de los 30 Caballeros (English: Saint James of the 30 Knights).

History

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The name of the city (Saint James of the Knights) refers to the Hidalgos de la Isabela, a group of knights who had come from La Isabela to settle in Santiago. The colony was originally located in San Francisco de Jacagua (now a suburb of the city), founded in 1495. Still, when an earthquake destroyed it, it was moved to its current location in 1506. In granting in 1508 the Royal Privilege of Concession de Armas to the Villa de Santiago of Hispaniola, the heraldic emblem that was included in his shield was venerated. The royal decree was signed by King Ferdinand as administrator of the kingdoms of his daughter Joanna I of Castile.

 
Campuzano Polanco Coat of Arms.

The city was devastated by another earthquake on December 2, 1562.[8] The survivors settled on land belonging to Petronila Jáquez of Minaya, adjacent to the Yaque del Norte, which is the current location of the city's river. The brief French during the Peace of Basel (which yielded the Spanish part of the island to France in 1795) left its mark on Santiago. Santiago was returned to Spain under the Peace of Paris of 1814. During the 19th Century, Santiago began its modern urban planning. European neoclassicism is represented at the Palace Hall, built between 1892 and 1895, by a Belgian architect named Louis Bogaert. The late 1800s saw a peak of architecture in the city. Numerous residences were built in European styles, and make up the central core of Santiago.

Geography

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Panoramic view of Santiago.

Santiago de los Caballeros is located on a hilly terrain in the middle of the Cibao Valley in the Central Region of the Dominican Republic, one of the most fertile lands found in the island. The Yaque del Norte River passes by Santiago which is in between the Cordillera Central and the Cordillera Septentrional, two of the three major mountain ranges on the island of Hispaniola, forming the Cibao Valley.

Districts

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The city has the following subdivisions:

Division Status Area in km² Population (2022)[9] Population Density
Hato del Yaque District 37.96 34,458 907.6
La Canela District 93.49 20,214 216.2
Pedro García District 52.51 3,361 64.0
San Francisco de Jacagua District 82.74 47,223 570.7
Santiago Municipal Core 148.3 561,005 3,783
Santiago Oeste District 16.67 105,487 6,329

Climate

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Santiago features a tropical monsoon climate (Am) under the Köppen climate classification. The average temperature varies little in the city, because the tropical trade winds help mitigate the heat and humidity throughout the year. December and January are the coolest months and July and August are the warmest. Santiago and the rest of the country are in the Caribbean and have a tropical climate, which, when coupled with the city's altitude, 183 meters above sea level, causes cloudy conditions to persist through much of the year. While the entire country is susceptible to Atlantic hurricanes, Santiago and its environs are more sheltered than other parts of the country from their effects because of its location in the Cibao Valley.

Climate data for Santiago de los Caballeros (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 28.9
(84.0) 		29.7
(85.5) 		30.7
(87.3) 		31.3
(88.3) 		31.9
(89.4) 		33.1
(91.6) 		33.2
(91.8) 		33.5
(92.3) 		33.3
(91.9) 		32.6
(90.7) 		30.6
(87.1) 		29.3
(84.7) 		31.5
(88.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 23.8
(74.8) 		24.4
(75.9) 		25.1
(77.2) 		26.0
(78.8) 		26.9
(80.4) 		27.9
(82.2) 		28.1
(82.6) 		28.2
(82.8) 		27.9
(82.2) 		27.3
(81.1) 		25.7
(78.3) 		24.3
(75.7) 		26.3
(79.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 18.8
(65.8) 		19.1
(66.4) 		19.5
(67.1) 		20.7
(69.3) 		21.8
(71.2) 		22.8
(73.0) 		22.9
(73.2) 		22.9
(73.2) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.0
(71.6) 		20.7
(69.3) 		19.3
(66.7) 		21.1
(70.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 69.4
(2.73) 		42.1
(1.66) 		73.5
(2.89) 		121.2
(4.77) 		140.4
(5.53) 		67.4
(2.65) 		73.4
(2.89) 		76.8
(3.02) 		94.7
(3.73) 		118.2
(4.65) 		107.7
(4.24) 		81.4
(3.20) 		1,066.1
(41.97)
Source: NOAA[10]
Climate data for Santiago de los Caballeros (1971-2000)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 34.4
(93.9) 		34.7
(94.5) 		35.8
(96.4) 		36.0
(96.8) 		36.0
(96.8) 		36.7
(98.1) 		36.6
(97.9) 		38.2
(100.8) 		37.6
(99.7) 		36.5
(97.7) 		39.8
(103.6) 		34.7
(94.5) 		39.8
(103.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 28.9
(84.0) 		29.4
(84.9) 		30.4
(86.7) 		31.1
(88.0) 		31.9
(89.4) 		32.9
(91.2) 		33.1
(91.6) 		33.2
(91.8) 		33.1
(91.6) 		32.4
(90.3) 		30.5
(86.9) 		28.9
(84.0) 		31.3
(88.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 23.7
(74.7) 		24.0
(75.2) 		24.8
(76.6) 		25.6
(78.1) 		26.6
(79.9) 		27.6
(81.7) 		27.8
(82.0) 		27.8
(82.0) 		27.6
(81.7) 		27.0
(80.6) 		25.5
(77.9) 		23.9
(75.0) 		26.0
(78.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 18.5
(65.3) 		18.7
(65.7) 		19.3
(66.7) 		20.2
(68.4) 		21.4
(70.5) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.0
(71.6) 		21.6
(70.9) 		20.5
(68.9) 		19.0
(66.2) 		20.7
(69.3)
Record low °C (°F) 11.2
(52.2) 		12.2
(54.0) 		12.5
(54.5) 		12.7
(54.9) 		16.3
(61.3) 		18.5
(65.3) 		17.0
(62.6) 		17.6
(63.7) 		18.6
(65.5) 		17.5
(63.5) 		15.0
(59.0) 		12.1
(53.8) 		11.2
(52.2)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 55.0
(2.17) 		42.3
(1.67) 		61.9
(2.44) 		109.3
(4.30) 		133.1
(5.24) 		63.7
(2.51) 		48.1
(1.89) 		71.9
(2.83) 		85.3
(3.36) 		112.4
(4.43) 		94.4
(3.72) 		68.2
(2.69) 		945.6
(37.25)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 8.0 6.5 6.0 8.0 9.6 5.3 6.8 7.4 7.9 9.3 9.6 9.6 94
Average relative humidity (%) 77.2 75.1 71.6 71.5 73.5 71.0 70.5 71.5 73.4 75.4 78.4 78.5 74.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 224.1 202.2 245.2 236.9 242.7 245.9 255.1 262.8 234.5 235.4 212.2 205.1 2,802.1
Source: ONAMET[11]
Climate data for Santiago de los Caballeros (1961-1990)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 34.4
(93.9) 		34.4
(93.9) 		37.2
(99.0) 		38.4
(101.1) 		36.2
(97.2) 		37.4
(99.3) 		36.2
(97.2) 		39.0
(102.2) 		41.0
(105.8) 		37.0
(98.6) 		36.8
(98.2) 		34.7
(94.5) 		41.0
(105.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 28.8
(83.8) 		29.4
(84.9) 		30.4
(86.7) 		31.2
(88.2) 		31.8
(89.2) 		32.9
(91.2) 		33.0
(91.4) 		33.2
(91.8) 		33.3
(91.9) 		32.4
(90.3) 		30.3
(86.5) 		28.7
(83.7) 		31.3
(88.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 23.5
(74.3) 		23.8
(74.8) 		24.7
(76.5) 		25.5
(77.9) 		26.5
(79.7) 		27.4
(81.3) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.7
(81.9) 		27.6
(81.7) 		26.9
(80.4) 		25.2
(77.4) 		23.7
(74.7) 		25.8
(78.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 18.2
(64.8) 		18.4
(65.1) 		19.0
(66.2) 		19.9
(67.8) 		21.2
(70.2) 		22.1
(71.8) 		22.2
(72.0) 		22.2
(72.0) 		21.9
(71.4) 		21.5
(70.7) 		20.2
(68.4) 		18.7
(65.7) 		20.5
(68.9)
Record low °C (°F) 11.2
(52.2) 		12.2
(54.0) 		12.0
(53.6) 		12.7
(54.9) 		16.3
(61.3) 		18.5
(65.3) 		17.0
(62.6) 		17.6
(63.7) 		18.6
(65.5) 		17.5
(63.5) 		15.0
(59.0) 		12.0
(53.6) 		11.2
(52.2)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 49.8
(1.96) 		47.7
(1.88) 		59.2
(2.33) 		104.4
(4.11) 		151.2
(5.95) 		67.6
(2.66) 		56.4
(2.22) 		73.1
(2.88) 		96.8
(3.81) 		109.7
(4.32) 		125.6
(4.94) 		80.2
(3.16) 		1,021.7
(40.22)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 7.4 6.2 5.7 7.9 10.5 5.6 7.2 8.0 8.1 8.7 10.7 9.8 95.8
Average relative humidity (%) 77.8 75.9 72.6 72.5 74.8 72.4 71.9 72.6 74.0 76.1 79.1 79.6 74.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 224 202 245 237 243 246 255 263 235 235 212 205 2,802
Source 1: NOAA,[12] Acqweather (sun)[13]
Source 2: Temperature Extreme Records[14][15][16]

Economy

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La Trinitaria area in Santiago Dominican Republic.

Santiago's economy is mainly based by the commercialization and industrialization of its products and finished goods, production of goods in the free zones, and by commerce. The city has headquarters and branches of all the main stores, supermarkets, restaurants and financial entities of the country. The city also has several shopping centers and multinational companies.

Since it is the second-largest city in the Dominican Republic, it currently produces the second highest percentage of the nation's GDP, while also having one of the highest incomes per capita, and a large middle-class population. Telecommunications, such as; wireless phones, cable service, internet service and other services are important for the local economy. Tourism, to a lesser extent, also accounts for a portion of the city's economy.

 
Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic skyline development.

Santiago, like most cities and towns in the Cibao valley, has historically benefited from the fertile lands of this region.[17] This makes Santiago de los Caballeros an important area for farming and livestock. Santiago's industrial sector is also one of the most dynamic in the country. It has the concentration of 15% of domestic industries. This means 308 manufacturing companies, which in 2004 employed more than 14,000 people or 12% of the labor of Dominican manufacturing work. The products range from cigars, coffee, and alcoholic beverages, to concrete, plywood and sheet products.[18]

The Mercado Modelo on Calle del Sol is a shopping center where there are various stores of handicrafts and native articles made by hand.

Growth and development

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Santiago has recently experienced an era of rapid growth and development. It has become a city of great importance for the nation and the region's development. The population of Santiago was about 771,748 inhabitants as of 2022, making it the second most populous city in the Dominican Republic and one of the largest in the Caribbean (behind Santo Domingo, Havana, and Port-au-Prince), as well as the largest city that isn't a capital (although it once was).

Arts and culture

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Architecture

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Hotel Mercedes in Santiago's historic center.

The Victorian era was the zenith of architecture in the city. Numerous residences were built in this European style, which makes up the historic center of Santiago. The neo-classical gothic Cathedral of Santiago was built in 1895 by Onofre de Lora, an architect native to the city.[19]

The Hermanos Patiño Bridge is both the largest and oldest bridge in the city connecting the North and South sides of the city of Santiago.[20] Its construction was started by Rafael Leónidas Trujillo and inaugurated in 1962, one year after his death. The bridge is named after the five brothers that died in an effort to end Trujillo's regime and dictatorship in the Dominican Republic in the mid 20th century. The anti-Trujillo legacy of the Patiño family did not begin with the brothers, but with their father who was killed in 1931 in the first anti-Trujillo insurrection of the Dominican Republic.[21]

On a hill overlooking Santiago is the city's tallest structure, a 67 m (220 ft) high marble monument named the Monumento de Santiago. Construction of the monument began in 1944 on the orders of then-dictator Rafael Trujillo. Monumento a los Héroes de la Restauración Trujillo was assassinated in 1961, after which the monument was renamed the Monumento a los Héroes de la Restauración ("Monument to the Heroes of the Restoration" in English), in honor of the Dominican Restoration War of 1863, in which the Dominican Republic regained its independence from Spain.[22]

Museums

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The Centro Leon exhibits Dominican culture and some Dominican customs and national parks
 
Aurora cigar factory.

Museums in the city include the Museo Folklórico Yoryi Morel which exhibits Santiago's Carnival culture, and displays some garments worn by lechones of Santiago Province in the Carnival, as well as those worn in other provinces. The museum is named after noted Santiago painter Yoryi Morel. Museo del Tabaco or The Tobacco Museum which shows manufacturing methods as well as the effect of the tobacco plantations along the city's history, the Museo Histórico Fortaleza San Luis or Historic San Luis Fort Museum which previously served as a municipal prison.,[23] the Museo de los Héroes de la Restauración or Restoration Heroes Museum is currently under construction and houses a display of pictures from the Restoration War from the 1863–1865 battles between the Dominican Government and the Spanish army.[24] and Centro León which displays elements of the Caribbean and Dominican experience, natural Dominican history, and the evolution and culture of the indigenous Taíno peoples.

Sports

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Estadio Cibao home of Las Aguilas Cibaeñas baseball team.

As much as the rest of the nation, Santiago residents enjoy baseball and look forward to the Dominican winter season with the local team being the Águilas Cibaeñas.[25] Besides baseball, basketball is also played at a professional level in the city of Santiago. The institution in charge of organizing these events is the Asociación de Baloncesto de Santiago de los Treinta Caballeros (ABASACA)[26] Santiago de Los Caballeros is the most successful city in the Dominican Republic based on Dominican League teams. Águilas Cibaeñas is the most successful baseball team not only in the Dominican Republic, but in the Caribbean, this team has 22 National Championship, and 6 Caribbean titles. This is what causes what a lot of people[who?] call Baseballs most intense rivalry, which is a long historic Rivalry between Águilas Cibaeñas and Tigres del Licey, being "Licey" the most popular winter league baseball team in the world, and Águilas Cibaeñas being close second.

Santiago's major baseball and basketball teams are Las Aguilas Cibaeñas and Los Metros de Santiago.

Santiago has two stadiums, and the stadiums are The Estadio Cibao home of the Aguilas Cibaeñas and The Gran Arena del Cibao home of Los Metros De Santiago

The Female Volleyball Team have claimed two bronze medals[27] in the professional Dominican Volleyball League.

In early 2015, there was the official launch of Liga Dominicana de Fútbol in the Dominican Republic. Santiago is the first city in the country to hold a FIFA Certified Stadium,[28] which was built in the campus of the Pontificia Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra and became the home of the major and first city soccer team Cibao FC from Liga Dominicana de Fútbol.

Education

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Principal entrance of Pontificia Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra (PUCMM)

Santiago is home of several universities including the prestigious Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra (PUCMM) and Universidad Tecnológica de Santiago (UTESA). Other higher learning institutions present in Santiago are: Universidad Organización & Método (O&M), Universidad Abierta para Adultos (UAPA), Universidad Nacional Evangélica and one regional campus belonging to the Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo

Santiago is also home to a Binational Center, the Centro Cultural Domínico-Americano (CCDA), which was founded in 1962 by a group of Dominicans and Americans living in Santiago. At the beginning, the CCDA set about providing English language courses. Later, the library was opened and included the lending of overhead projectors and documentary films. These last two were sponsored by the American Embassy.

CCDA is located on Estrella Sadhalá Avenue. These facilities of the CCDA were opened on July 23, 1962.[29] Throughout its 50 years of existence, the CCDA has taught English language courses, painting classes and manual activities.

Transportation

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Cibao International Airport in 2003 AIC

Santiago has share taxis (often called carros públicos or conchos) and private and independent bus owners who form their own routes according to their demands.

The city has private bus transportation to other cities. Bus companies include Dioni, Metro, Caribe Tours, Transporte Espinal, and Aetra Bus.

 
Bridge over Yaque del Norte.

The Autopista Juan Pablo Duarte highway, officially known as DR-1, passes by the city center and connects the city directly to Santo Domingo. Other minor highways connect the city to Puerto Plata, Samaná, and the northwestern region of the country.

The Cibao International Airport serves mostly Dominicans living in the United States and other Caribbean islands like Cuba, the Turks and Caicos Islands, and Puerto Rico, as well as Panama.[30] The airport of the city was the Santiago Municipal Airport, a regional airport that closed in March 2002. It serves destinations such as San Juan, Port-au-Prince, New York City, Miami and Santo Domingo with regular services.

On March 30, 2022, President Luis Abinader formally commenced construction of the first rapid transit system in Santiago De Los Caballeros.[31] The Monorail project will be the first of its kind in the Caribbean and Central America. Completion is estimated at the end of 2024.[32]

Health

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Hospital Metropolitano de Santiago

Facilities include Hospital Cabral y Baez, Clínica Corominas, Hospital De Especialidades Medicas Materno Infantil, Union Médica, and Hospital Metropolitano De Santiago (HOMS), being the largest hospital in all of the Dominican Republic and in all the Caribbean.

Sites

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Gran Cibao Hotel seen from the HOMS. In the back the Cibao Airport Terminal Area is visible.
 
Plaza Haché commercial center.
  • Gran Cibao Hotel – 11 stories high, it is the largest hotel in the Cibao region. It has also been an on hold project for several years.
  • Light Rail in Santiago – A Light Rail development in the city's metro area has been proposed. If completed it will be the second city In the nation to have a mass transit system and would be 3.4 mi (5.5 km) longer than the Metro of Santo Domingo. The Light Rail will have 12 stops, its route will be from the Cemetery to the Airport. Construction was scheduled to begin in October 2007 but currently the project has been delayed and on Hold.
  • Electric "Highway" from Santo Domingo – Santiago's power comes from Puerto Plata, but the government commenced the building of the Electric "Highway" that will feed Santiago electric energy from Santo Domingo's generators. construction started in February 2007.
  • Parque Central de Santiago The industrialists of Santiago have defended the project since it is considered to be a solution to the lack of green spaces suitable for relaxation in the city. Nevertheless, it has been argued that the granting of contracts for the different phases from this project violate the frame of transparency and legality.

In the Strategic Plan of Santiago it is indicated that the construction of the Metropolitan Park would increase the Santiagos green area from its currently 1.1% to 4%.

  • Santiago Inteligente and Santiago Massive Training Program (SMART)-An initiative launched by Eddy Martinez Manzueta during his tenure at the Center for Exports and Investment of the Dominican Republic (CEI-RD, 2004-2012), and the Plan Estrategico de Santiago seeking to foster the new regional economic development and branding strategy and the promotion of Santiago as a knowledge-based production center in both conventional and emerging sectors, including Health Tourism, ITES-BPO, biotechnology and agro-business, as well as High-value manufacturing and Fashion (textiles and apparel, footwear), among others.[citation needed]

Recreation

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Some of the recreational places found in Santiago are:

  • Centro Español: located in the Panamericana Avenue, this place is heavily frequented during the summer by Santiago's local population and tourists. Many activities take place in it, such as sports; swimming, basketball, baseball, softball, football, golf, table games, and children summer camps. They also host parties with famous Dominican and international artists. Its access is restricted to registered members only.
  • Gurabito Country Club: Another popular club located in Panamericana Avenue, it is another recreational center. They have sports activities, such as baseball and basketball. Parties with Dominican artist take place periodically in this club as well as some pool parties with Dominicans singers. Access is restricted to members only.
  • Mundo Acuático: Located in Hispanoamericana Avenue too, is a water theme park. This locale is open to the general public. Renamed from Kaskada Park to Mundo Acuatico.

Notable people from Santiago de los Caballeros

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Actors, artists, musicians, writers

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Athletes

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Politicians

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Other

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Twin towns – sister cities

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Santiago has twinning agreements with the following sister cities:

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  •  
    Houses in Santiago's Old Historic Center
  •  
    Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia Catholic Church
  •  
    Gran Teatro del Cibao
  •  
    A view of the Northeastern section of Santiago
  •  
    Gran arena del cibao

See also

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References

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  1. ^ De la Fuente, Santiago (1976). Geografía Dominicana (in Spanish). Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: Editora Colegial Quisqueyana.
  2. ^ a b "Santiago (Municipality, Dominican Republic) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
  3. ^ "TelluBase—Dominican Rep. Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)" (PDF). Tellusant. Retrieved 2024-01-11.
  4. ^ "Caribbean Cities by Population 2022".
  5. ^ Shimp, Tanna (2014-10-05). Ultimate Handbook Guide to Santiago De Los Caballeros.
  6. ^ "Dominican Dominance". Archived from the original on 2015-05-27. Retrieved 2015-05-27.
  7. ^ "Santiago de los Caballeros - Ciudad Corazón de la República Dominicana". El Veedor Digital (in Spanish). 2019-03-01. Archived from the original on 2021-04-24. Retrieved 2021-04-24.
  8. ^ "Accounts of Damage from Historical Earthquakes in the Northeastern Caribbean, to Aid in the Determination of their Location and Intensity Magnitudes" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. 2002. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 20, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
  9. ^ "Santiago (Municipality, Dominican Republic) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2024-08-17.
  10. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Santiago". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 1, 2024.
  11. ^ "Datos climatológicos normales y extremos 71-2000 estaciones Sinópticas - tercer trimestre 2019" (in Spanish). Oficina Nacional de Meteorología. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
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  14. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-08. Retrieved 2011-10-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ONAMET/ National Bureau of Meteorology (Recorded on September 13, 1960)
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