In the history of Assyria, the eponym dating system was a calendar system for Assyria, for a period of over one thousand years. Every year was associated with the name, an eponym, of the Limmu, the official who led that year's New Year festival.[1]
The dating system is thought to have originated in the ancient city of Assur, and remained the official dating system in Assyria until the end of the Assyrian Empire in the seventh century BC. The names of the limmu who became eponyms were originally chosen by lot sortition, until the first millennium it became a fixed rotation of officers headed by the king who constituted the limmu. The earliest known attestations of a year eponyms are at Karum-Kanesh, and became used in other Assyrian colonies in Anatolia. Its spread was due to Shamshi-Adad I's unification of northern Mesopotamia.[2]
Old Assyrian eponym lists
editA number of Old Assyrian limmu lists have been combined into the so-called Revised Eponym List (REL), which spans a period of 255 years in the early second millennium BCE (1972-1718 BCE in the Middle Chronology dating system).[3] The central figure of this period was Šamšī-Adad I who conquered Aššur in the year REL 165, and reigned Assyria until his death in REL 197. In the Middle Chronology system his reign corresponds to the years 1808-1776 BCE.
The absolute chronology of this period has long been controversial. That the Middle Chronology is indeed correct, and not one of the rival absolute chronologies, is supported by a combined dendrochronological (tree-ring) and radiocarbon (14C) data analysis, which narrows down the year Šamšī-Adad died to between 1776 and 1768 BCE. In addition, it is known that in the year after his birth (ca. REL 127) a partial solar eclipse was observed, and this fits in with an eclipse on August 5, 1845, BCE.[4][5]
Late Assyrian eponym lists
editWith the establishment of eponym lists, succinct statements about events were sometimes added in order to keep track of the sequence. The most well-known limmu lists run from 911 through to 631 BC, and have been dated with the aid of the Canon of Ptolemaeus, which coincides with dates from the Canon between 747 and 631 BC. According to one limmu list, a solar eclipse occurred in the tenth reigning year of the Assyrian king Aššur-dan II, in the month of Sivan (May–June on the Gregorian calendar), by Bur-Sagale. Using the Canon of Kings the tenth year can be dated to 763 BC, and modern astronomy dating has backed the Assyrian eclipse up as June 15, 763 BC. Other events can be dated from this establishment of fact, such as the taking of the Egyptian city of Thebes by the Assyrians in 664 BC, and to be able to determine the date of the minting of ancient coins.[6]
Out of 19 surviving clay tablets with limmus, they between them show ten manuscripts that contain lists of years identified by the eponym with a summary note about what happened that year, most often military campaigns. Thus, such lists provide historians a way of dating long stretches of the Neo-Assyrian history, and give us in details military exploits and which were considered the most important. Such a translation can be found below (With BC added).
| Year | Limmu | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 719 BC | Sargon, King [of Assyria] | [-ent]ered |
| 718 BC | Zer-ibni, governor of Ra[sappa] | [to Ta]bal |
| 717 BC | Tab-shar-Assur, chamberlain | [Dur-Sharru]kin was founded. |
| 716 BC | Tab-sil-Eshara, governor of the citadel | [to] Mecca |
| 715 BC | Taklal-ana-beli, governor of Nasibina | [ ] governors appointed |
| 714 BC | Ishtar-duri, governor of Arrapha | [to Ur]artu, Musasir, Haldia |
| 713 BC | Assur-bani, governor of Kalhu | [the] nobles in Ellipi, he entered the new house, to Musasir in the land |
| 712 BC | Sharru-emuranni, governor of Zamua | in the land |
| 711 BC | Ninurta-alik-pani, governor of Si'mme | [to] Marqasa |
| 710 BC | Shamash-belu-usur, governor of Arzuhina | to Bit-zeri, the king stayed at Kish |
| 709 BC | Mannu-ki-Assur-le'i, governor of Tille | Sargon took the hands of Bel |
| 708 BC | Shamash-upahhir, governor of Habruri | Kummuhi conquered and a governor was appointed |
| 707 BC | Sha-Assur-dubbu, governor of Tushan | the king returned from Babylon, the vizier and nobles, the booty of Dur-Jakin was destroyed, on the 22nd of Teshrit, the gods of Dur-Sharrukin entered the temples |
| 706 BC | Mutakkil-Assur, governor of Guzana | the king stayed in the land, the nobles [ ]. on the 6th of Ayar, Dur-Sharrukin was completed |
| 705 BC | Nashur-Bel, governor of Amidu | the king [ ] against Qurdi the Kullumean, the king was killed, the camp of the king of Assyria [ ]. on the 12th of Ab, Sennacherib [became] king |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "The Old and Middle Assyrian limmu officials [CDLI Wiki]". cdli.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
- ^ "Dating in Archaeology - NET". Netours.com. Archived from the original on 2018-03-14. Retrieved 2019-04-15.
- ^ Barjamovic, Gojko; Hertel, Thomas; Larsen, Mogens Trolle (2012). "Ups and downs at Kanesh Chronology, History and Society in the Old Assyrian Period". Old Assyrian Archives, Studies. 5. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
- ^ Manning, Sturt W. (2016). "Integrated Tree-Ring-Radiocarbon High-Resolution Timeframe to Resolve Earlier Second Millennium BCE Mesopotamian Chronology". PLOS ONE. 11 (7): e0157144. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1157144M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157144. PMC 4943651. PMID 27409585.
- ^ de Jong, T. (2013). "Astronomical fine-tuning of the chronology of the Hammurabi age" (PDF). Jaarbericht van Het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap "Ex Oriente Lux". 44: 147–167. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
- ^ http://www.netours.com/content[permanent dead link]
- ^ Alan Millard translation, The Eponyms of the Assyrian Empire, 910-612 (Helsinki: University of Helsinki Press, 1994)
Bibliography
edit- The Eponyms of the Assyrian Empire, Alan Millard.
- A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000-323 BC, second edition, Marc Van de Mieroop.
- Ancient Iraq, Georges Roux.
External links
edit- On dating a list of names [This includes annotated copies of the Assyrian Eponym List.]