Equisetum palustre, the marsh horsetail,[2] is a perennial herbaceous pteridophyte belonging to the subclass of horsetails (Equisetidae). It is widespread in cooler regions of Eurasia and North America.[3][4][5]
| Marsh horsetail | |
|---|---|
| |
| Equisetum palustre | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Division: | Polypodiophyta |
| Class: | Polypodiopsida |
| Subclass: | Equisetidae |
| Order: | Equisetales |
| Family: | Equisetaceae |
| Genus: | Equisetum |
| Subgenus: | E. subg. Equisetum |
| Species: | E. palustre
|
| Binomial name | |
| Equisetum palustre | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
|
List
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Description
editEquisetum palustre has stems growing between 10-60 cm tall. The upright stems are usually scarcely branched with loose green leaf sheaths that have 5-10 narrow, dark teeth. The teeth are light at the edges. The lowest internode of the upright branches are much shorter than the leaf sheath of the stem.[6][7]
The rough, furrowed stem is 1–3 mm diameter, with usually 8–10 ribs, in rare cases, 4–12; it bears a variable number of whorled branches.[6]
The spores are spread by the wind (anemochory) and have four long ribbon-like structures attached to them. The spores sit on strobili which are rounded on the top. Marsh horsetails often form runners, with which they also can proliferate vegetatively.[7]
Taxonomy
editLinnaeus was the first to describe marsh horsetail with the binomial Equisetum palustre in his Species Plantarum of 1753.[8]
Ecology
editEquisetum palustre is green from spring to autumn and grows spores from June to September. It grows primarily in nutrient-rich wet meadows. It is found in Europe and the circumpolar region up to mountainous heights. Its distribution is declining.[citation needed]
In Finland, it has benefited from human action and grows often in road and track sides, ditches and especially peat based fields and pastures.[7]
A specific plant association in which E. palustre is found is the Juncus subnodulosus-Cirsium palustre fen-meadow.[9]
Toxicity
editEquisetum palustre is poisonous to mammals, most often reported as potentially fatal to horses, as it contains alkaloids palustrine and palustridiene, which destroy vitamin B1. According to Wink, Equisetum palustre also contains thiaminase enzymes. It is also known to contain lesser amounts of nicotine. Many thiaminases, however, are denatured by heat, and some sources refer Equisetum palustre safe to eat in moderate amounts when properly cooked.[10][11][12][13] In Finland, it used to lower the production of dairy when cows would eat them in place of other preferable fodder.[7]
Gallery
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Marsh horsetail in Kythira
References
edit- ^ "Equisetum palustre L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2024-09-17.
- ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
- ^ "Equisetum palustre L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2024-09-16.
- ^ Flora of North America, Marsh horsetail, prêle des marais, Equisetum palustre Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1061. 1753.
- ^ Flora of China, 犬问荆 quan wen jing Equisetum palustre Linnaeus
- ^ a b Hyde, H. A., Wade, A. E., & Harrison, S. G. (1978). Welsh Ferns. National Museum of Wales ISBN 0-7200-0210-9.
- ^ a b c d Piirainen, Mikko; Piirainen, Pirkko; Vainio, Hannele (1999). Kotimaan luonnonkasvit [Native wild plants] (in Finnish). Porvoo, Finland: WSOY. p. 22. ISBN 951-0-23001-4.
- ^ Linnaeus, C. (1753). Species Plantarum. Vol. II (1st ed.). Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. p. 1061.
- ^ "Marsh Thistle (Cirsium palustre) - photo/images/information - GlobalTwitcher.com". 2012-12-13. Archived from the original on 2012-12-13. Retrieved 2024-04-16.
- ^ https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/11/710/htm Variation of the Main Alkaloid Content in Equisetum palustre L. in the Light of Its Ontogeny
- ^ https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/235685921.pdf Heidelberg University, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (2009). Mode of action and toxicology of plant toxins and poisonous plants
- ^ https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Equisetum+palustre Plants for Future
- ^ https://poisonousplants.ansci.cornell.edu/toxicagents/thiaminase.html Cornell University, Department of Animal Science - Plants Poisonous to Livestock
External links
edit- Walkowiak R. J., Equisetum palustre L., IEA Collection of Equisetum, 2019
Media related to Equisetum palustre at Wikimedia Commons