The Erfurt massacre was a school shooting that occurred on 26 April 2002 at the Gutenberg-Gymnasium, a secondary school in Erfurt, Germany. 19-year-old expelled student Robert Steinhäuser shot and killed 16 people, including 13 staff members, two students, and one policeman before committing suicide. One person was also wounded by a bullet fragment. According to students, he ignored them and aimed only for the teachers and administrators, although two students were unintentionally killed by shots fired through a locked door.
| Erfurt massacre | |
|---|---|
 Gutenberg Gymnasium | |
  Erfurt Erfurt (Thuringia)  Erfurt Erfurt (Germany) | |
| Native name | Amoklauf von Erfurt |
| Location | Erfurt, Thuringia, Germany |
| Coordinates | 50°58′53″N 11°00′53″E / 50.9813°N 11.0147°E |
| Date | 26 April 2002 c. 10:58 a.m. – c. 11:17 a.m. (CEST) |
| Target | Teachers and administrators at Gutenberg-Gymnasium |
Attack type | School shooting, mass shooting, mass murder, murder-suicide |
| Weapons |
|
| Deaths | 17 (including the perpetrator)[1] |
| Injured | 1 |
| Perpetrator | Robert Steinhäuser |
| Motive | Expulsion (possibly) |
Background
editRobert Steinhäuser (22 January 1983 – 26 April 2002) was a student of the Gutenberg Gymnasium until early October 2001. He had previously threatened a teacher.[2][3] His academic performance declined in 1999, leading him to drop out of the year shortly before the final exam. He was allowed to repeat the 11th year at the request of his parents, approved by the principal. He joined a gun club in October 2000 and acquired a gun license.[4]
At the end of September 2001, he had spent a few days away from school, for which he presented a mandatory medical certificate which was quickly identified as a forgery. Because of this forgery, Steinhäuser was expelled by the principal.[3][4][5] Due to the regulations used in Thuringia at the time, Steinhäuser, on expulsion, was without any qualifications and therefore had very limited job opportunities.[6]
Steinhäuser did not tell his parents he had been expelled, and pretended he was still attending school. The day of the shooting he told his parents he was going to school to take a math exam.[2] The investigation revealed that Steinhäuser had been using the Internet to research the Columbine High School massacre, and had related files saved on his computer.[7]
Massacre
editOn the day of the shooting, before leaving his residence at his usual time, Steinhäuser armed himself with a 9mm Glock 17C, a Mossberg 590 Mariner 12-gauge pump-action shotgun,[8] which was unusable due to an earlier handling error, and a diving knife. Steinhäuser probably entered the school unmasked at 10:45, carrying his weapons and ammunition in his sports bag or backpack. As Steinhäuser was in the hallway, he encountered the building's caretaker, and briefly talked with him. He asked whether or not Ms. Alt, the principal, was in the building.[9] He went into the men's toilet on the ground floor and changed some of his clothes, including a black face mask. He left his coat, wallet and identification.[3][10]
The shooting started shortly before 10:58 am. From the toilet, Steinhäuser went to the school office. There he shot the deputy school principal and the secretary. In the next room was the headmistress, but Steinhäuser did not enter the room despite the door being unlocked. When the headmistress went to check the noise, Steinhäuser had already left the room. Upon discovering the bodies, she locked herself in her office and alerted the emergency services. Steinhäuser moved from classroom to classroom, pausing briefly each time in the doorway to shoot a teacher, then moving on to the next room. At 11:05 am, a janitor called the police. At 11:12 am, the first police car arrived at the school. Steinhäuser opened fire on the police, fatally shooting one of the policemen.[3][9]
In front of the art material room 111 Steinhäuser met the history and arts teacher Rainer Heise. In later interviews Heise gave conflicting versions of the event, claiming that either he himself or Steinhäuser had removed his mask, after which he told Steinhäuser to shoot him while looking him in the eyes.[11] Steinhäuser is then said to have lowered his weapon and to have replied: "Herr Heise, für heute reichts." [Mr Heise, that's enough for today.][12] According to Heise, he used this opportunity to push Steinhäuser into the art material room to lock him up there together with his gun. Steinhäuser then shot himself, his body being found by police a few hours later.[13]
From the first shot to Steinhäuser's suicide the spree lasted no more than 20 minutes. One and a half hours later, Steinhäuser's body was found by a special police detachment (SEK) in Room 111. The gunman had killed 16 people: the school's assistant principal, secretary, ten teachers, one trainee-teacher, two students, and one police officer.[14] In total one third of the school's faculty were killed, and two students were shot by rounds fired through a locked door.[2][3] He fired around 71 shots in total during the massacre.[15][16]
Reactions
edit
Steinhäuser's family issued a statement to news sources saying that they "will forever be sorry that our son and brother has brought such horrifying suffering to the victims and their relatives, the people of Erfurt and Thuringia, and all over Germany."[17]
In 2004, after repeated public criticisms of the police response to the shooting, the state government of Thuringia tasked a committee to release a final report on the shooting.[9] The state government of Thuringia reprimanded the principal of the school for the expulsion of Steinhäuser, saying she had overstepped her legal powers and violated the rules of the procedure. There were no further legal consequences for the principal and she remains in charge of the school as of 2017.[18]
Likewise, the Thuringian education law was caught in the crossfire of criticism. Since Steinhäuser was already an adult, the school administration was not required to inform his parents about their son's expulsion from school. In contrast to most other German states at this time, the state of Thuringia did not automatically award the middle school certificate at the end of the 10th Grade. Students who did not pass the final exams therefore did not have a school certificate, which left them with limited job prospects.[6] In response to the shooting, a law was enacted that would give high school students the option to take an exam at the end of the 10th Grade at their own request. Since 2004, this exam has been mandatory for all Thuringian high school students.[19]
The shooting also led to public discussions on the effect of violence in media and its effect on the youth, especially in relation to computer games of the first-person shooter genre, so-called killer games and dealing with fictional violence in other media. According to the report of the Gutenberg Commission, Steinhäuser had some violent movies such as Fight Club, Predator and Desperado, as well as the video games Return to Castle Wolfenstein, Hitman: Codename 47 and Half-Life. Steinhäuser was apparently not interested in the game Counter-Strike, which was often mentioned in connection with the shooting by the media. The discussions contributed to a revision of the Protection of Young Persons Act and helped to strengthen the rules for these legal areas.[19]
In addition to the reform of the Protection of Young Persons Act, gun laws were tightened. The legal minimum age for those who wanted to join a shooting club was raised from 18 to 21 years and anyone under 25 years wishing to handle firearms was now required to undergo a medical-psychological examination.[6] Pump-action firearms were banned altogether. Furthermore, the retention requirements for firearms and ammunition were significantly tightened.
Legacy
editAfter the rampage, around 700 students were diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder, about one hundred of whom were still under treatment for one year after the shooting. 10 years after the killing spree, there were still six witnesses in psychological therapy, including four who had initially rejected a follow-up program. These adolescents had "time-delayed disturbances such as memory gaps and extreme avoidance behavior". The Thuringian Accident Insurance Fund as payers has so far taken over childcare costs for the victims in the amount of about 5.6 million Euros, including about 2.2 million Euros as pension payments, for example, for survivors' pensions.[20]
Steinhäuser's last words – Für heute reicht's ("that's enough for today") – was also the title of a controversial book about the massacre written by Ines Geipel, who alleged that there were several mistakes made by the police on the case. Geipel, and relatives of some of the victims, criticized police for the initial speed of their response. The police had initially believed there was a second gunman, leading them to retake the school one level at a time rather than storm the entire building.[21] Police laws and police training were reformed in most federal states in response to the shooting. While police patrols were previously required to wait for a special task force, policemen all over Germany now get the necessary training and equipment to deal directly with mass shooters.[6]
Heise was hailed as a national hero for locking Steinhäuser in a room, which ended the killing spree, but was later subject to backlash from some members of the public due to questions about his role. Erfurt Mayor Manfred Ruge said he fully believes Heise, but acknowledged the teacher's rather direct and animated style combined with the vast media coverage had caused resentment in the town.[22]
The massacre led to the development of a code word that could be broadcast over the public address system to warn teachers of a shooting. "Mrs. Koma is coming", which is "amok" spelled backwards, was later used at the Winnenden school shooting to alert teachers to that attack.[23]
Steinhäuser was mentioned in a video created by Pekka-Eric Auvinen, who killed eight people during the Jokela school shooting in Finland.[24]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Eyewitness: Erfurt massacre". BBC News. 26 April 2002. Retrieved 25 September 2008.
- ^ a b c "Gunman hid expulsion from parents". CNN. 28 April 2002. Archived from the original on 30 April 2002. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Hooper, John (28 April 2002). "How teacher stopped the school slaughter". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
- ^ a b Rudolph, Annekathrin (26 April 2012). "Amoklauf in Erfurt: Wer war Robert Steinhäuser?" [Rampage in Erfurt: Who was Robert Steinhäuser?]. RTL (in German). Retrieved 12 April 2019.
- ^ Andrews, Edmund L. (27 April 2002). "Shooting Rampage at German School". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- ^ a b c d "How a school shooting 15 years ago changed Germany". The Local Germany. 26 April 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- ^ Böhmer, Matthias (5 December 2018). Amok an Schulen: Prävention, Intervention und Nachsorge bei School Shootings [Amok at Schools: Prevention, Intervention and Aftercare in School Shootings] (in German). Wiesbaden: Springer. ISBN 978-3-658-22707-4.
- ^ Gebauer, Matthias (2 May 2002). "Ladehemmung verhinderte noch größeres Blutbad" [Misfire prevents even greater bloodbath]. Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 28 November 2016.
- ^ a b c Bericht der Kommission Gutenberg-Gymnasium [Report from the Gutenberg-Gymnasium Commission] (PDF) (Report) (in German). Freistaat Thüringen. 19 April 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 August 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
- ^ Hooper, John (29 April 2002). "Killer's secret behind revenge attack". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
- ^ Brinkemper, Peter V. (29 April 2002). "Schau mir in die Augen" [Look me in the eyes]. Telepolis (in German). Retrieved 12 April 2019.
- ^ "Lehrer berichtet über das Zusammentreffen mit dem Täter: "Robert, hast du geschossen?"" [Teacher reports encounter with the offender: "Robert, did you shoot?"]. Rheinische Post (in German). 28 April 2002. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
- ^ "Brave teacher stopped gun rampage". CNN. 27 April 2002. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
- ^ Sharma, Yojana (3 May 2002). "Massacre victims mourned". TES Magazine. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
- ^ TIME (6 May 2002). "Massacre at Erfurt". TIME. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
- ^ AOAV (17 April 2014). "15 shootings that changed the law: Erfurt, 2002". AOAV. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
- ^ "Family of German killer apologises". CNN. 2 May 2002. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 25 September 2008.
- ^ "15 Jahre danach: Gutenberg-Gymnasium in Erfurt: Was der Amoklauf verändert hat" [15 years later: Gutenberg High School in Erfurt: What the rampage changed]. sh:z (in German). 20 April 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- ^ a b Sierpinski, Diana (26 April 2017). "15 Jahre nach dem Schulmassaker: Was seit dem Amoklauf von Erfurt anders ist" [15 years after the school massacre: What has changed since the Erfurt rampage]. n-tv (in German). Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- ^ "Millionen für Amok-Opfer" [Millions for spree killing victims]. FOCUS (in German). 7 April 2012. Archived from the original on 4 August 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
- ^ "Hatte der Erfurter Amokläufer einen "Antreiber"?" [Did the Erfurt spree killer have a "driver"?]. Stern (in German). 21 April 2004. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
- ^ "German hero faces town's wrath". Shanghai Star. 16 May 2002. Archived from the original on 28 February 2004. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
- ^ Davies, Lizzy (12 March 2009). "Teenage killer wrote letter to parents saying he 'couldn't go on'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
- ^ Oksanen, Atte (2013). "Jokela: The Social Roots of a School Shooting Tragedy in Finland". In Böckler, Nils; Seeger, Thorsten; Sitzer, Peter; Heitmeye, Wilhelm (eds.). School Shootings: International Research, Case Studies and Concepts for Prevention. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4614-5526-4. Retrieved 11 October 2022 – via ResearchGate.
External links
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Media related to Gutenberg-Gymnasium at Wikimedia Commons
