Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes (Fighter Squadron 1/2 Cigognes) is a French Air and Space Force (Armée de l'air et de l'espace) fighter squadron currently stationed at BA 116 Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base, Haute-Saône, France (ICAO: LFSX).[1]
| Fighter Squadron 1/2 Cigognes | |
|---|---|
| Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes | |
 | |
| Active | November 1945 - present |
| Country |  France |
| Branch |  Armée de l'air et de l'espace |
| Type | Fighter aircraft |
| Role | Air Defense |
| Part of | 2e Escadre de Chasse |
| Garrison/HQ | BA 116 Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base |
| Aircraft flown | |
| Fighter | Dassault Mirage 2000-5F |
It inherits the traditions of three notable World War I units: SPA 3 of the famous ace Georges Guynemer, SPA 26, SPA 103 of René Fonck, and SPA 12.[2]
Heir to Escadrille 3 (the "Cigognes" Escadrille), EC 1/2 Cigognes was created in November 1945, by reorganizing No. 329 Squadron RAF, which was constituted by pilots of the Groupe de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes after the armistice of 1940. The latter was deployed to French Indochina, and flew combat missions on Supermarine Spitfires, with Escadrille SPA 3 stationed in Saigon and the SPA 103 stationed in Hanoi. Upon its return to mainland France, the squadron converted to the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt in 1948.
History
edit
Before and during World War I
editFollowing a decision taken by the French Army General Council,[3] in June 1912, the first flights of the French air arm were formed. One of these was established at the army camp of Avord, in Cher. Its designation, BL 3, arose from the aircraft type with which it was equipped, the Blériot XI. Once established, the flight moved eastward, towards Alsace. The sight of this 'migration' led to comparison with the storks which are harbingers of spring in Alsace. So the name 'Cigogne' came to be associated in people's minds with BL 3.[4] Alsace had been part of France until 1871 but was under German control as of 1912. The association therefore touched French pride.
It was not until 1916, under the pressure of the Great War in which aircraft numbers grew rapidly, that the association between the emblem and the unit became official. So that aircrews should be able to recognise other members of their own flight, in order to regroup after dispersal during fighting, the command of the Somme Combat Group, of which Escadrille 3 was then a part, ordered that clear symbols be painted on aircraft. By this time, the flights had been grouped into squadrons. The squadron's commanding officer, Commandant Felix Brocard, chose to make reference to the Alsatian storks by using a white stork with lowered wings as the emblem on the Nieuports of Escadrille 3. He then ordered the other flights of the squadron to choose emblems using storks in other postures.[4] The modern emblem of the squadron bears three storks at three points in the wing-beat cycle. They represent respectively Flight 3 (wings low), Flight 103 (wings high) and Flight 12 (wings spread).[5]
See also Escadrille 3, Escadrille 26, Escadrille 103, Escadrille 12
World War II
editHaving distinguished itself during the Battle of France in 1940, the squadron was disbanded in August. However, it was reformed in July 1941 and equipped with Dewoitine D.520s. In 1942, it was sent to North Africa where it took its opportunity, with other units, to join the Free French Forces and was shipped to RAF Ayr, in Scotland. There it was given the British designation No. 329 (GC I/2 'Cicognes') Squadron RAF. On 6 June 1944, it took part in the Normandy landings and from 19 August, was again based in France, at Sommervieu, Normandy, under Captain Ozanne. During this period, it specialised in ground attack but aerial combat was still part of the job and in December 1944, the squadron was faced with its first jet-propelled opposition. In July 1945, 15 aircraft of the squadron took part in the victory fly-past.[2]
Post World War II
edit
In November 1945, EC 1/2 Cigognes was re-established as a unit of the French Air Force. In June 1946 it left for French Indochina where it flew the Supermarine Spitfire, with the SPA 3 flight stationed at Saigon and SPA 103 at Hanoi. On its return to metropolitan France in 1948, it was reequipped with Republic P-47 Thunderbolts.
In 1949, EC 1/2 Cigognes moved to Dijon-Longvic, at the same time reequipping with De Havilland Vampire jets, followed by the Dassault MD 450 Ouragan, then Dassault Mystère IVAs. It was in this aircraft that the squadron was engaged during the Suez Crisis in 1956. Notably, it became the first unit of the French Air Force to deploy an indigenous Mach-2 fighter, the new Mirage IIIC, on 7 July 1961.[6] In 1968 these were replaced by Mirage IIIEs.
In 1984, the "Storks" transitioned to the Dassault Mirage 2000C. On September 9, 1994, EC 1/2 received a third flight: the SPA 12. At the end of the 1990s, the squadron transitioned to Dassault Mirage 2000-5Fs.
Escadrille SPA 12 was dissolved on September 3, 2009, and replaced by SPA 26 (a traditional escadrille of Escadron de Chasse 1/5 Vendée, disbanded in 2007).
On Friday 29 July 2011, the squadron moved to Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base. This put an end to the presence of the Cigognes on Aerial Base 102 Dijon-Longvic.
The squadron has played a role in NATO's response to the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine, providing a pair of Mirage 2000-5Fs (along with a pair of Mirage 2000C fighters from EC 2/5) which arrived at Poland's 22nd Air Base on 2 June 2014.[7]
Designations and successive denominations
edit
The squadron has known during the course of history, the following designations:
- Groupe de Chasse I/2 (GC I/2) with escadrilles SPA 3 and SPA 103 from 1 September 1933 until 20 August 1940, attached to the 2e Escadre de Chasse between 1 September 1933 and 1 May 1939.
- Groupe de Chasse I/2 with only one escadrille, SPA 3, from 1 July 1941 until 1 January 1944.
- No. 329 Squadron was attached to the Royal Air Force between 1 January 1944 and 1 November 1945.
- Groupe de Chasse I/2 Cigognes (GC I/2 Cigognes) with escadrille SPA 3, from 1 November 1945 until 1 April 1946, attached to the 2nd Fighter Wing.
- Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes (EC 1/2 Cigognes) with Escadrilles SPA 3 and SPA 103 from 1 April 1950 until 9 September 1994, part of the 2nd Fighter Wing.
- Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes (EC 1/2 Cigognes) with Escadrilles SPA 3, SPA 103 and SPA 12, from 9 September 1994 until 3 September 2009.
- Escadron de Chasse 1/2 Cigognes (EC 1/2 Cigognes) with Escadrilles SPA 3, SPA 103 and SPA 26 as of 3 September 2009. The Escadron/Squadron was attached again to the 2e Escadre de Chasse on 3 September 2015.
Flights
editAs of 2015, Escadron 1/2 Cigognes was composed of three escadrilles:
- SPA 3 Cigognes, known as Guynemer's
- SPA 26 Cigognes, known as (dite) Saint-Galmier
- SPA 103 Cigognes, known as Fonck's
Escadrille SPA 12 Cigognes was attached to the 1/2 Cigognes between 9 September 1994 and 3 September 2009.
Bases
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- BA 702 Avord Air Base (formation 1912)
- Châteauroux-Déols Air Base (1941–1942)
- North Africa (1942–1943)
- 1944-1945 see Free French Forces RAF service
- Koblenz (1948–1949)
- BA 102 Dijon Air Base (1949-2012)
- BA 116 Luxeuil - Saint-Sauveur Air Base (2012-)
Aircraft
edit- Blériot XI (1912)
- Nieuport two-seaters (1912)
- Breguet (1914)
- Voisin (1914)
- Morane Saulnier (1915)
- Nieuport Scouts (1915)
- Nieuport 11 (1915)
- Nieuport 12 (ca 1915 - 1916)
- Nieuport 16 (ca 1915 - 1916)
- Nieuport 17 (ca 1915 - 1916)
- Spad (1917 - 1918)[8]
- Dewoitine D.520 1939-1944
- 1944-1945 see Free French Forces RAF service
- Supermarine Spitfire (1945–1947)
- Republic P-47 Thunderbolt (1948–1949)
- de Havilland Vampire (1949–1953)
- Dassault Ouragan (1953–1956)
- Dassault Mystère IVA (1956–1961)
- Dassault Mirage IIIC (1961–1968)
- Dassault Mirage IIIE (1968–1984)
- Dassault Mirage 2000C (1984–1999)
- Dassault Mirage 2000-5F (since 2000)
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Escadron de chasse 01.002 " Cigognes "" (in French). French MoD. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
- ^ a b French Air Force web site (Archived 2009-09-03) (fr).
- ^ Law of 29 March 1912 Archived 25 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. "Military aeronautics is charged with the study, the acquisition or the construction and the putting into a working state, of aerial navigation devices useable by the Army, such as balloons, aeroplanes and kites." This was not strictly, the founding of the French Air Force but it was an effective step in that direction. Accessed 2009-08-30. Archived 2009-09-03.
- ^ a b Squadron site
- ^ The three emblems may be seen separately at the foot of the squadron's page in the Air Force site. While the squadron's emblem has all three birds in black and white, the individual emblem of No. 12 Flight is in black and silver. Accessed 2009-08-30. Archived 2009-09-03.
- ^ Pierre-Alain Antoine (September 2011). "Memories of a Mirage driver". Aircraft: 87. ISSN 2041-2150.
- ^ "France Replaces Rafales with Mirages on Polish Det". Air Forces Monthly: 11. August 2014.
- ^ Over the Front: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914-1918. p. 89–90; 103–104.
Bibliography
editExternal links
edit- The history page of the squadron's web site (Archived 2009-09-03) (fr)
- Over the Front: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914-1918 Norman L. R. Franks, Frank W. Bailey. Grub Street, 1992. ISBN 0-948817-54-2, ISBN 978-0-948817-54-0.