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Demographics of Haiti

(Redirected from Ethnic groups in Haiti)

Haiti is the 83rd most populous country in the world, with an estimated population of 11,123,178 as of July 2018.[1] The last national census in Haiti was done in 2003. Although much of that data has not been released, the population recorded was 8,812,245.

Demographics of Haiti
Population pyramid of Haiti in 2020
Population8,812,245 (Last census)
Birth rate21.12 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate7.23 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancy65.95 years
 • male63.26 years
 • female68.67 years
Fertility rate2.43 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate40.02 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate-1.88 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years32.78%
15–64 years62.49%
65 and over4.73%
Sex ratio
Total0.97 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth1.01 male(s)/female
Under 150.99 male(s)/female
65 and over0.62 male(s)/female
Nationality
NationalityHaitian
Major ethnicBlack (95%)
Language
OfficialFrench, Creole
Population of Haiti (in millions) from 1800 to 2021

According to population DNA tests,[which?] approximately 80% of the population of Haiti is Afro-Haitian.[citation needed] Within Black Haitian DNA, according to a study, the composition is approximately 88% African, the rest are European or mixed European. This is evidenced in DNA ancestry read outs where the average Haitian consistently tests at nearly 100 percent sub-Saharan African DNA.

The remaining population of Haiti is primarily composed of Mulattoes, Europeans, Asians, and Arabs. Hispanic residents in Haiti are mostly Cuban and Dominican.

About two-thirds of Haitian people live in rural areas. Several demographic studies, including those by social work researcher Athena Kolbe, have provided estimates of the demographic information of urban residents. In 2006, each Haitian household had an average of 4.5 members.

Population of Haiti

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According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects[2][3] the total population of Haiti in 2018 was 11,447,569, as compared to 3,221,000 in 1950. In 2015, the proportion of children below the age of 15 was 36.2%. 59.7% of the population was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 4.5% was 65 years or older.[4] According to the World Bank, Haiti's dependency rate is 7.51 dependents per 100 working age persons.[5]

Total population Proportion
aged 0–14
(%) 		Proportion
aged 15–64
(%) 		Proportion
aged 65+
(%)
1950 3 221 000 39.6 56.7 3.7
1955 3 516 000 39.7 56.9 3.4
1960 3 869 000 40.3 56.5 3.2
1965 4 275 000 41.7 54.9 3.4
1970 4 713 000 41.8 54.5 3.7
1975 5 144 000 41.3 54.8 3.9
1980 5 692 000 41.1 54.9 4.0
1985 6 389 000 42.2 53.8 4.0
1990 7 110 000 43.1 52.9 4.0
1995 7 838 000 42.6 53.5 3.9
2000 8 578 000 40.3 55.7 4.0
2005 9 261 000 38.1 57.8 4.2
2010 10,085,214 36.2 59.7 4.5

Structure of the population

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Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2010) (Projections produced by l’Institut Haïtien de Statistique et d’Informatique (IHSI) and the Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE) - Population Division of ECLAC.): [6]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 4 993 731 5 091 483 10 085 214 100
0–4 644 550 618 772 1 263 322 12.53
5–9 608 495 586 984 1 195 479 11.85
10–14 588 618 569 860 1 158 478 11.49
15–19 551 467 540 897 1 092 364 10.83
20–24 509 042 510 547 1 019 589 10.11
25–29 454 123 465 513 919 636 9.12
30–34 340 518 362 078 702 596 6.97
35–39 261 157 286 847 548 004 5.43
40–44 235 182 253 300 488 482 4.84
45–49 204 077 219 300 423 377 4.20
50–54 166 418 176 495 342 913 3.40
55–59 136 034 148 697 284 731 2.82
60–64 95 939 110 896 206 835 2.05
65–69 81 854 94 044 175 898 1.74
70–74 58 181 71 255 129 436 1.28
75–79 35 538 45 360 80 898 0.80
80+ 22 538 30 638 53 176 0.53
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 1 841 663 1 775 999 3 617 229 35.87
15–64 2 953 957 3 074 620 6 028 577 59.78
65+ 198 111 241 297 439 408 4.36
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2011) (Projections produced by l’Institut Haïtien de Statistique et d’Informatique (IHSI) and the Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE) - Population Division of ECLAC.): [7]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 5 075 517 5 172 789 10 248 306 100
0–4 647 465 621 432 1 268 897 12.38
5–9 611 472 589 690 1 201 161 11.72
10–14 591 018 572 066 1 163 085 11.35
15–19 556 085 544 798 1 100 883 10.74
20–24 514 235 514 898 1 029 132 10.04
25–29 465 396 475 451 940 847 9.18
30–34 358 927 379 066 737 993 7.20
35–39 270 574 296 362 566 936 5.53
40–44 237 754 257 273 495 026 4.83
45–49 208 671 224 746 433 416 4.23
50–54 171 468 182 332 353 800 3.45
55–59 140 392 152 742 293 134 2.86
60–64 99 846 114 973 214 819 2.10
65–69 82 201 94 868 177 069 1.73
70–74 59 833 72 957 132 790 1.30
75–79 36 751 47 083 83 834 0.82
80+ 23 431 32 053 55 484 0.54
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 1 849 955 1 783 188 3 633 143 35.45
15–64 3 023 346 3 142 640 6 165 986 60.17
65+ 202 216 246 961 449 177 4.38
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2018) (Projections produced by l’Institut Haïtien de Statistique et d’Informatique (IHSI) and the Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE) - Population Division of ECLAC.): [7]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 5 659 140 5 752 387 11 411 527 100
0–4 661 535 634 371 1 295 906 11.36
5–9 635 927 611 692 1 247 619 10.93
10–14 608 695 588 396 1 197 091 10.49
15–19 580 801 565 986 1 146 787 10.05
20–24 547 618 542 296 1 089 914 9.55
25–29 504 926 508 355 1 013 281 8.88
30–34 463 541 473 269 936 810 8.21
35–39 387 698 405 499 793 197 6.95
40–44 285 013 309 823 594 836 5.21
45–49 230 537 254 629 485 166 4.25
50–54 206 255 224 859 431 114 3.78
55–59 170 991 186 498 357 489 3.13
60–64 134 300 148 115 282 415 2.47
65–69 97 454 113 753 211 207 1.85
70–74 66 084 80 979 147 063 1.29
75–79 46 188 58 733 104 921 0.92
80+ 31 576 45 134 76 710 0.67
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 1 906 157 1 834 459 3 740 616 32.78
15–64 3 511 681 3 619 329 7 131 010 62.49
65+ 241 302 298 599 539 901 4.73

Vital statistics

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The registration of vital events in Haiti is incomplete. The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates. Population estimates account for under numeration in population censuses.[8]

Mid-year population (thousands) Live births (thousands) Deaths (thousands) Natural change (thousands) Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Total fertility rate (TFR) Infant mortality (per 1000 live births) Life expectancy (in years)
1950 3 247 151 87 63 46.3 26.8 19.5 6.25 248.2 37.48
1951   3 302   152   87   65 46.0 26.4 19.6 6.24 243.7 37.91
1952   3 359   154   86   68 45.8 25.5 20.2 6.24 235.1 38.83
1953   3 419   156   85   71 45.5 24.7 20.7 6.23 227.1 39.70
1954   3 481   157   84   73 45.2 24.1 21.0 6.22 220.0 40.29
1955   3 546   160   83   77 45.0 23.3 21.7 6.23 212.9 41.26
1956   3 614   162 82   80 44.8 22.7 22.1 6.23 206.9 41.96
1957   3 684   163   82   81 44.3 22.3 22.0 6.20 203.4 42.36
1958   3 755   166   83   84 44.2 21.9 22.3 6.22 199.8 42.77
1959   3 828   169   83   86 44.0 21.6 22.4 6.23 196.6 43.12
1960   3 901   170   83   87 43.6 21.3 22.3 6.21 193.3 43.50
1961   3 975   173   83   89 43.3 20.9 22.4 6.20 190.1 43.91
1962   4 050   175   83   91 43.0 20.6 22.5 6.19 187.0 44.29
1963   4 122   177   89   87 42.8 21.6 21.2 6.18 188.4 42.77
1964   4 196   179   84   95 42.5 19.9 22.6 6.18 181.0 44.97
1965   4 274   180   84   96 42.0 19.6 22.4 6.12 178.0 45.35
1966   4 353   181   84   97 41.5 19.4 22.1 6.07 175.2 45.59
1967   4 433   183   84   99 41.1 18.9 22.2 6.03 171.8 46.13
1968   4 514   184   84   100 40.7 18.6 22.1 5.97 168.5 46.51
1969   4 597   186   84   102 40.3 18.3 22.1 5.93 165.2 46.92
1970   4 681   188   84   103 40.0 17.9 22.0 5.87 162.0 47.34
1971   4 766   189   84   105 39.6 17.6 21.9 5.80 158.6 47.72
1972   4 853   191   85   106 39.2 17.4 21.8 5.72 155.3 47.95
1973   4 941   192   85   107 38.8 17.2 21.6 5.65 151.6 48.21
1974   5 031   197   86   111 39.0 17.1 21.9 5.66 148.0 48.42
1975   5 125   202   87   115 39.3 17.0 22.3 5.69 144.6 48.68
1976   5 222   207   88   119 39.5 16.9 22.7 5.69 141.0 48.96
1977   5 324   212   89   123 39.8 16.7 23.0 5.68 137.7 49.21
1978   5 429   217   91   126 39.8 16.6 23.2 5.67 134.4 49.43
1979   5 536   222   92   130 39.9 16.5 23.4 5.67 131.3 49.68
1980   5 647   226   93   133 40.0 16.4 23.6 5.65 128.4 49.90
1981   5 760   231   93   138 40.1 16.1 23.9 5.67 125.4 50.27
1982   5 878   237   94   143 40.2 16.0 24.2 5.70 122.4 50.55
1983   5 998   239   95   145 39.8 15.7 24.1 5.66 119.5 50.87
1984   6 120   243   95   148 39.6 15.5 24.1 5.63 116.8 51.12
1985   6 246   248   95   153 39.6 15.2 24.4 5.62 114.0 51.52
1986   6 375   252   96   157 39.5 15.0 24.5 5.61 111.3 51.88
1987   6 508   257   96   161 39.3 14.7 24.6 5.59 108.4 52.24
1988   6 645   260   96   164 39.0 14.4 24.6 5.57 105.8 52.63
1989   6 784   263   97   166 38.7 14.2 24.4 5.53 103.2 52.76
1990   6 925   266   97   168 38.3 14.0 24.2 5.48 100.7 52.98
1991   7 066   262   97   166 37.1 13.7 23.4 5.32 98.0 53.39
1992   7 206   262   96   167 36.4 13.3 23.1 5.21 95.3 53.84
1993   7 346   262   95   167 35.6 12.9 22.7 5.10 92.6 54.35
1994   7 486   262   95   167 34.9 12.6 22.3 4.99 90.5 54.65
1995   7 627   262   92   170 34.2 12.0 22.2 4.88 87.2 55.55
1996   7 771   262   91   172 33.7 11.6 22.0 4.78 84.5 56.15
1997   7 915   263   90   173 33.2 11.4 21.8 4.67 81.7 56.52
1998   8 061   263   89   174 32.6 11.0 21.5 4.56 79.3 57.14
1999   8 209   264   87   177 32.1 10.6 21.5 4.45 76.7 57.96
2000   8 360   267   87   180 31.8 10.3 21.5 4.39 74.4 58.37
2001   8 512   264   87   177 31.0 10.2 20.8 4.25 72.2 58.49
2002   8 662   263   87   176 30.3 10.0 20.3 4.13 70.2 58.86
2003   8 812   264   86   178 29.9 9.7 20.2 4.04 68.4 59.51
2004   8 961   264   91   173 29.5 10.2 19.3 3.94 70.7 58.48
2005   9 112   265   84   180 29.0 9.2 19.8 3.83 65.2 60.42
2006   9 266   266   84   181 28.6 9.1 19.5 3.74 63.8 60.76
2007   9 421   266   84   182 28.2 8.9 19.2 3.64 62.6 61.10
2008   9 575   267   85   182 27.8 8.9 19.0 3.57 61.4 61.33
2009   9 731   269   85   184 27.6 8.7 18.9 3.51 59.9 61.74
2010   9 843   271 175   96 27.5 17.7 9.8 3.47 75.9 46.02
2011   9 954   271   87   184 27.2 8.8 18.4 3.41 58.3 61.62
2012   10 109   269   86   183 26.6 8.5 18.1 3.30 56.7 62.29
2013   10 261   268   86   182 26.1 8.4 17.7 3.22 55.3 62.61
2014   10 413   269   86   183 25.8 8.2 17.5 3.16 54.1 62.99
2015   10 564   270   87   183 25.5 8.2 17.3 3.11 52.8 63.24
2016   10 714   271   88   183 25.3 8.2 17.1 3.06 51.8 63.39
2017   10 864 272   87 185 25.0 8.0 17.0 3.02 50.2 63.85
2018   11 012   271   88   183 24.6 8.0 16.6 2.96 48.9 64.02
2019   11 160   272   89   183 24.3 8.0 16.4 2.92 47.8 64.26
2020   11 307   271   93   178 23.9 8.2 15.8 2.87 46.7 64.05
2021   11 448   269   99   170 23.5 8.7 14.8 2.81 46.0 63.19

While limited, some evidence suggests that large scale disasters can cause human populations to increase in the long term, rather than decrease.[9] Accordingly, in Haiti's case, some sources reported that a tripled fertility rate was expected after the 2010 Haiti earthquake.[10] However, data since then does not show a diversion from the pre-disaster trend of decreasing fertility rates.

Births and deaths

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Year Population Live births Deaths Natural increase Crude birth rate Crude death rate Rate of natural increase TFR
2005 9,292,282 ~258,325 ~87,347 ~170,978 27.8 9.4 18.4 3.5
2006 9,445,412 ~258,804 ~87,842 ~170,962 27.4 9.3 18.2 3.4
2007 9,602,305 ~260,222 ~87,381 ~172,841 27.1 9.1 18.0 3.4
2008 9,761,929 ~260,644 ~87,857 ~172,787 26.7 9.0 17.7 3.3
2009 9,923,243 ~261,874 ~87,325 ~174,549 26.4 8.8 17.6 3.3
2010 10,085,216 ~262,216 ~200,000 ~62,216 26.0 19.8 6.2 3.2
2011 10,248,306 ~265,431 ~88,135 ~177,296 25.9 8.6 17.3
2012 10,413,211 ~267,620 ~88,512 ~179,108 25.7 8.5 17.2 3.2
2013 10,579,230 ~247,025 ~84,634 ~162,391 23.35 8 15.35 2.88

Number of births and deaths are calculated based on Crude Birth and Death Rates.[11]

Fertility and births

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The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):[12]

Year CBR (Total) TFR (Total) CBR (Urban) TFR (Urban) CBR (Rural) TFR (Rural)
1994–95 34 4.8 (3.0) 31 3.3 (2.2) 35 5.9 (3.7)
2000 32.6 4.7 (2.7) 29.4 3.3 (2.0) 34.0 5.8 (3.4)
2005–2006 28.7 4.0 (2.4) 26.2 2.8 (1.8) 30.1 5.0 (2.9)
2012 27.8 3.5 (2.2) 24.4 2.6 (1.9) 29.4 4.4 (2.6)
2016–17 24.3 3.0 (1.9) 21.1 2.1 (1.5) 26.3 3.9 (2.3)

Other sources of demographic statistics

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Demographic statistics below are based on the 2022 World Population Review.[13]

  • One birth every 2 minutes
  • One death every 5 minutes
  • One net migrant every 16 minutes
  • Net gain of one person every 4 minutes

Demographic statistics below are based on the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.[14]

Population

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11,334,637 (2022 est.)
10,788,440 (July 2018 est.)

Ethnic composition

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Black 95%, mixed and White 5%

Age structure

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Population pyramid of Haiti in 2020

Haiti's population pyramid can be categorized as "expansive," indicating a growing population. However, it is categorized as being at stage 3 of demographic transition, as the birth and death rate are falling and net population is increasing at a slower rate.

0-14 years: 31.21% (male 1,719,961/female 1,734,566)
15-24 years: 20.71% (male 1,145,113/female 1,146,741)
25-54 years: 38.45% (male 2,110,294/female 2,145,209)
55-64 years: 5.3% (male 280,630/female 305,584)
65 years and over: 4.33% (2020 est.) (male 210,451/female 269,228)
0-14 years: 32.27% (male 1,733,920 / female 1,747,387)
15-24 years: 21.11% (male 1,139,188 / female 1,137,754)
25-54 years: 37.32% (male 1,997,816 / female 2,028,495)
55-64 years: 5.1% (male 262,494 / female 287,515)
65 years and over: 4.21% (male 199,617 / female 254,254) (2018 est.)

Birth rate

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21.12 births/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 65th
22.6 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country ranking: 65/195

Death rate

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7.23 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 113rd
7.5 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 111st

Total fertility rate

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2.43 children born/woman (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 72nd
2.66 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 65th

Net migration rate

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-1.88 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 169th
-2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 163rd

Population growth rate

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1.2% (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 77th
1.31% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 84th

Median age

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total: 24.1 years. Country comparison to the world: 167th male: 23.8 years female: 24.3 years (2020 est.)

Total: 23.3 years. Country ranking: 172/195
Male: 23.1 years
Female: 23.6 years (2018 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

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22.8 years (2016/7 est.)
note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

Contraceptive prevalence rate

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34.3% (2016/17)

Dependency ratios

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total dependency ratio: 62.3 (2015 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 54.8 (2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 7.5 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 13.3 (2015 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

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Life expectancy at birth in Haiti
total population: 64.6 years
male: 61.9 years
female: 67.2 years (2018 est.)

Urbanization

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urban population: 58.8% of total population (2022)
rate of urbanization: 2.47% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
urban population: 55.3% of total population (2018)
rate of urbanization: 2.9% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Religions

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Catholic 55%, Protestant 29%, Vodou 2.1%, other 4.6%, none 10% (2018 est.)
note: 50-80% of Haitians incorporate some elements of Vodou culture or practice in addition to another religion, most often Roman Catholicism; Vodou was recognized as an official religion in 2003

Education expenditures

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1.7% of GDP (2018) Country comparison to the world: 183rd
2.4% of GDP (2016) Country comparison to the world: 162nd

Literacy

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Definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.)

total population: 61.7%
male: 65.3%
female: 58.3% (2016)

Major infectious diseases

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degree of risk: very high (2020)
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria

Languages

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Taíno was the major pre-Columbian language in the region of what is Haiti (or Ayti), a name referring to the entire island of Hispaniola.[15][16] The phrase means "land of high mountains."[17]

Today, the Republic of Haiti has two official languages, French and Haitian Creole. Haitian Creole is a French-based creole with 90% of its vocabulary derived from or influenced by Portuguese, Spanish, Taíno, and various West African languages.[18] French is the primary written and administrative language (as well as the main language of the press) and is spoken by 42% of Haitians.[19][20] The language is generally spoken by educated Haitians, is the medium of instruction in most schools, and is used in the business sector. It is also spoken in ceremonial events such as weddings, graduations, and church masses.

Haiti is one of two independent nations in the Americas (along with Canada) to designate French as an official language; other French-speaking areas are all overseas départements, or collectivités, of France. Haitian Creole,[21] which was recently standardized, is spoken by virtually the entire population of Haiti.[22] It is related to the other French creoles but most closely to the Antillean Creole and Louisiana Creole variants.

Spanish is spoken by some Haitians along the border with the Dominican Republic, as well as by some who have been deported from Spanish-speaking countries. English is used increasingly within the business sector, but only by a small proportion of the total population.[23]

Religion

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Main articles: Religion in Haiti and Haitian Vodou

The most common religions in Haiti are Roman Catholicism, Pentecostalism and Baptist. The state religion is Roman Catholicism, which is professed by 55–60% of the population. 30–35% of Haitians practice Protestantism, mostly Pentecostalism, which arrived in Haiti in the 1970s.[14] Almost 99% of Haitians claim to be a part of at least one religion, with a fraction of them practicing some part of Vodou along with another religion.[24]

Vodou bears similarities to Cuban Santeria due to the large Cuban population in Haiti.[25] The practice of Vodou revolves around family spirits called Lwa that protect children. To repay the spirits, children perform two ceremonies where the Lwa are given gifts like food and drinks. The timing of the ceremonies depends on the monetary status of the family performing them; poorer families try to save money, waiting until there is a need to perform the rituals.[26] The practice of Vodou is rare among the urban elite.

Modern day Vodou has been shaped by both Protestant and Catholic Christianity. Under the rule of the Catholic French, the population was not allowed to practice Vodou. However, they were occasionally allowed to have dances on the weekends. These dances were actually disguised Vodou services. The underground practice of Vodou continued until Haiti gained its independence in 1804. Most Haitians see practicing both Vodou and Christianity as normal due to their significant similarities. The Catholic Church, however, was not always as accepting of Vodou. In 1941–42, a holy war was declared against Vodou, leading to the deaths of many high level religious officials in the Vodou religion. Persecution of the religion largely ended in 1950 when the Catholics gave up trying to prosecute those who practiced Vodou. Protestants, however, are still critical of the religion, often describing it as "devil worship".[27]

A fictionalized version of Vodou, commonly called "voodoo", has been used in American movies and by authors such as H.P. Lovecraft. Vodou and voodoo are not conceptually the same, although the idea of "voodoo" lives on in American pop culture.[28]

Education

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Main article: Education in Haiti

Although public education in Haiti at the primary level is free, private and parochial schools provide around 75% of educational programs offered to the public.

In recent years, several literacy campaigns launched by the Martelly administration have increased adult literacy in Haiti.[29] UNESCO projects an overall literacy rate of 61.1% in Haiti by 2015.[30]

As of December 2014, the World Bank has reported an increase in school enrollment from 78% to 90% in Haiti, close to the federal goal of universal child enrollment.[31]

Labor

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In 2004, approximately 300,000 children were restavecs, or indentured servants.[32]

Emigration

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Large-scale emigration, principally to the Dominican Republic, United States, and Canada (predominantly to Quebec) has created what Haitians refer to as the Eleventh Department or the Diaspora. Significant numbers of Haitians have also immigrated to Cuba, France and French Guiana, Spain, Belgium, the United Kingdom and Ireland, Venezuela, Brazil, Chile, the Bahamas and other Caribbean countries. Approximately one in every six Haitians lives abroad.[33]

Immigration

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45,000 Americans live in Haiti. They represent 0.4% of Haiti's total population.[34]

References

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  1. ^ "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations". population.un.org. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
  2. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  3. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  4. ^ "Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision". Esa.unorg. Archived from the original on 6 May 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  5. ^ "Population ages 15-64 (% of total) - Data". Data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  6. ^ "United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  7. ^ a b "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
  8. ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2022). "World Population Prospects 2022 Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XLS (91MB)). United Nations Population Division. 27 (Online ed.). New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. rows 15413:15484, cols M,X,AE,S,AH,S,AA,AV,AI. Archived from the original on 2022-08-09.
  9. ^ Frankenberg, Laurito & Thomas, Duke University, 2014, The Demography of Disasters
  10. ^ "Haiti's rate of fertility tripled - report". jamaica-gleaner.com. 22 October 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  11. ^ "DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE: HAITI" (PDF). Caricomstats.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  12. ^ "MEASURE DHS: Demographic and Health Surveys". microdata.worldbank.org. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  13. ^ "Haiti Population 2022", World Population Review
  14. ^ a b   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: "World Factbook CENTRAL AMERICA : HAITI", The World Factbook, 2022
  15. ^ Guitar, Lynne; Ferbel-Azcárate, Pedro; Estevez, Jorge (2006). "iii: Ocama-Daca Taíno (Hear me, I am Taíno)". Indigenous Resurgence in the Contemporary Caribbean. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. p. 41. ISBN 0-8204-7488-6. LCCN 2005012816. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  16. ^ Senauth, Frank (2011). The Making and Destruction of Haiti. Bloomington, Indiana, USA: AuthorHouse. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-4567-5384-9. LCCN 2011907203.
  17. ^ Haydn, Joseph; Vincent, Benjamin (1860). "A Dictionary of Dates Relating to All Ages and Nations: For Universal Reference Comprehending Remarkable Occurrences, Ancient and Modern, The Foundation, Laws, and Governments of Countries-Their Progress In Civilization, Industry, Arts and Science-Their Achievements In Arms-And Their Civil, Military, And Religious Institutions, And Particularly of the British Empire". p. 321. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  18. ^ Bonenfant, Jacques L. (December 1989). Haggerty, Richard A. (ed.). "History of Haitian-Creole: From Pidgin to Lingua Franca and English Influence on the Language" (PDF). Library of Congress Federal Research Division. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
  19. ^ La langue française dans le monde 2014 (PDF). Nathan. 2014. ISBN 978-2-09-882654-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  20. ^ À ce propos, voir l'essai Prétendus Créolismes : le couteau dans l'igname, Jean-Robert Léonidas, Cidihca, Montréal 1995
  21. ^ Valdman, Albert. "Creole: The National Language of Haiti". Footsteps. 2 (4). Indiana University Creole Institute: 36–39. Archived from the original on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
  22. ^ "creolenationallanguageofhaiti". Indiana University. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  23. ^ "What Languages Are Spoken in Haiti?". WorldAtlas. 29 July 2019. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
  24. ^ "Religious Beliefs In Haiti". WorldAtlas. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
  25. ^ "Religious Beliefs In Haiti". WorldAtlas. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
  26. ^ "Haiti - RELIGION". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
  27. ^ "Haiti: Introduction to Voodoo". faculty.webster.edu. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
  28. ^ McGee, Adam (2012). "Haitian Vodou and voodoo: Imagined religion and popular culture". Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses. 41 (2): 231–256. doi:10.1177/0008429812441311. S2CID 40197372.
  29. ^ "Haiti – Social : The fight against illiteracy, one of the Government's priorities". Haitilibre.com. September 9, 2014.[permanent dead link‍]
  30. ^ "Literacy Statistics trends 1985–2015" (PDF). Uis.unesco.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  31. ^ "Extreme poverty drops in Haiti. Is it sustainable?". Worldbank.org. 4 December 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
  32. ^ Cohen, Gigi (2004-03-24). "Haiti's Dark secret:The Restavecs". National Public Radio.
  33. ^ IBP, Inc (August 2013). Haiti Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments, Volume 1. Lulu.com, 2013. p. 106. ISBN 978-1438774565. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  34. ^ Jr, James C. Mckinley; Skipp, Catharine (18 January 2010). "For 45,000 Americans in Haiti, the Quake Was 'a Nightmare That's Not Ending' - The New York Times". The New York Times.
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