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Eulalio Gutiérrez Ortiz (February 2, 1881 – August 12, 1939) was a general in the Mexican Revolution from state of Coahuila. He is most notable for his election as provisional president of Mexico during the Aguascalientes Convention and led the country for a few months between 6 November 1914 and 16 January 1915. The Convention was convened by revolutionaries who had successfully ousted the regime of Victoriano Huerta after more than a year of conflict. Gutiérrez rather than "First Chief" (Primer Jefe) Venustiano Carranza was chosen president of Mexico and a new round of violence broke out as revolutionary factions previously united turned against each other. "The high point of Gutiérrez's career occurred when he moved with the Conventionist army to shoulder the responsibilities of his new office [of president]."[1] Gutiérrez's government was weak and he could not control the two main generals of the Army of the Convention, Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata. Gutiérrez moved the capital of his government from Mexico City to San Luis Potosí. He resigned as president and made peace with Carranza.[1] He went into exile in the United States, but later returned to Mexico.[1] He died in 1939, outliving many other major figures of the Mexican Revolution.
Eulalio Gutiérrez | |
|---|---|
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| 41st President of Mexico by the Convention of Aguascalientes | |
| In office 6 November 1914 – 16 January 1915 | |
| Preceded by | Francisco S. Carvajal (as constitutional President of Mexico)[a] |
| Succeeded by | Roque González Garza |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Eulalio Gutiérrez Ortiz February 2, 1881 Santo Domingo, Ramos Arizpe Municipality, Coahuila |
| Died | August 12, 1939 (aged 58) Saltillo, Coahuila |
| Nationality | Mexican |
| Political party | Conventionist |
Biography
editEarly life and political career
editHe was born on the Hacienda de Santo Domingo, in the municipality of Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila. In his youth he was a shepherd and a miner in Concepción del Oro, Zacatecas, where after some years he was named mayor of the municipality.
After joining Ricardo Flores Magón's Mexican Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Mexicano) for a short period, he affiliated with the Anti-reelectionist Party (Partido Antirreleccionista) of Francisco I. Madero in 1909.[2]
As with many revolutionaries, Gutiérrez was not a trained soldier, but combat in the Mexican Revolution showed his skill.[2] He participated in the Mexican Revolution, after which he returned to his native state where he was elected mayor of Ramos Arizpe. After the coup d'état of Victoriano Huerta, he took up arms again and placed himself under the orders of Pablo González Garza in the Constitutionalist Army of Venustiano Carranza.
During the Aguascalientes Convention, he was named the provisional president of the Republic on November 1, 1914, and assumed the position two days later. His cabinet was composed of Lucio Blanco as Interior Minister; José Vasconcelos as Minister for Public Instruction and Fine Arts; Valentín Gama as Minister for Public Works; Felícitos Villarreal as Finance Minister; José Isabel Robles as Minister of War (Guerra y Marina); Manuel Palafox as Agriculture Minister; Manuel Chao as Mayor of the Distrito Federal; Mateo Almanza as Commander of the National Guard (Guarnición de México), and Pánfilo Natera as president of the Supreme Military Tribunal.
A month after he took office, revolutionary leaders Francisco Villa and Emiliano Zapata took Mexico City. Gutiérrez's government was moved to the national capital, now in the hands of the Army of the Convention. Relations with Villa were strained to the point Villa had ordered the Minister of War (his superior), to execute President Gutiérrez in January 1915.[3] In 1915, Gutiérrez told Vasconcelos that "The Mexican landscape smells of blood."[4] Gutiérrez decided to leave the capital on January 16, 1915, and moved his government to San Luis Potosí, where he declared both Villa and Carranza traitors to the "revolutionary spirit" and formally resigned the presidency on July 2, 1915. Another source gives the date of his resignation as May 1915.[1]
Later years
editAfter exiling himself to the United States, he returned to Mexico in 1920 under the amnesty of Álvaro Obregón and was elected senator and governor of Coahuila in 1928. Later on, he publicly criticized the re-election of Álvaro Obregón in 1928 (assassinated before he could take office) and the Maximato of former president Plutarco Elías Calles (the period during which Calles was Jefe Máximo, "Maximum Chief", and ruled via puppet presidents). He joined the rebellion of José Gonzalo Escobar.
After the defeat of that rebellion, he exiled himself to San Antonio, Texas, U.S., and did not return to Mexico until 1935. Four years later, he died in the city of Saltillo.
See also
edit
Notes
edit- ^ After the ousting of President Victoriano Huerta and the brief presidency of Carvajal, Venustiano Carranza formed the Constitutionalist Army and proclaimed himself leader of Mexico, while the forces of Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata held the Convention of Aguascalientes and ended up having three men serve as President, with Gutiérrez being the first. The United States ultimately recognized Carranza as the legitimate leader of Mexico, though Gutiérrezo is still seen as an official Mexican president, though it was disputed at the time. When Francisco Lagos Cházaro was forced into exile, the string of Conventionalist presidents ended and Carranza continued his conflict against Villa and Zapata as the de facto leader of Mexico.
References
edit- This article draws heavily on the corresponding article in the Spanish-language Wikipedia, which was accessed in the version of 19 Nov 2004.
- ^ a b c d Marcoux, Carl Henry. "Eulalio Gutiérrez" in Encyclopedia of Mexico, vol. 1, p. 620. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997.
- ^ a b Marcoux, "Eulalio Gutiérrez", p. 619.
- ^ Cumberland, Charles C. Mexican Revolution: The Constitutionalist Years. Austin: University of Texas Press 1972, p. 182.
- ^ quoted in Enrique Krauze, Mexico: Biography of Power, New York: HarperCollins 1997, p. 722.
This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2009) |
Further reading
edit- Marcoux, Carl Henry. "Eulalio Gutiérrez" in Encyclopedia of Mexico, vol. 1, pp. 619–620. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997.
- Quirk, Robert E. (1963). The Mexican revolution, 1914-1915: the Convention of Aguascalientes. Citadel Press. pp. 150ff.