Tirumala hamata

Tirumala hamata
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Nymphalidae
Genus:	Tirumala
Species:	T. hamata
Binomial name
	Tirumala hamata; (MacLeay, [1826])
Synonyms
	Euploea hamata MacLeay, [1826]; Danais australis Blanchard, 1853; Papilio melissa Stoll, [1781]; Danais moderata Butler, [1876]; Danais hamata var. orientalis Semper, [1879]; Tirumala angustata Moore, 1883; Danaida nephthys Fruhstorfer, 1911; Danaida pelagia Fruhstorfer, 1911; Danaida sassina Fruhstorfer, 1911; Danaida tibula Fruhstorfer, 1911; Danaida melissa melissa f. melissina Rothschild, 1915; Danaida tutuilae Hopkins, 1927; Tirumala neomelissa Bryk, 1937; Danaus mendica Talbot, 1943; Danaida hamata paryadres Fruhstorfer, 1910; Danaida singaria Fruhstorfer, 1910; Danaida hamata arikata Fruhstorfer, 1910; Danais (Tirumala) melissa nigra Martin, 1910; Danais (Tirumala) hamata goana Martin, 1910; Danais leucoptera Butler, 1874; Danaus hamata talautensis Talbot, 1943; Danaus hamata pallidula Talbot, 1943; Danaus hamata subnubila Talbot, 1943; Danaida (Tirumala) melissa coarctata Joicey & Talbot, 1922; Danais obscurata Butler, 1874; Danaida gariata Fruhstorfer, 1910; Danaus hamata insignis Talbot, 1943; Danais neptunia C. & R. Felder, [1865]; Danais claribella Butler, 1882; Danaida hamata neptunia f. protoneptunia Poulton, 1924; Danais melittula Herrich-Schäffer, 1869;

Tirumala hamata, the dark tiger, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is distributed from the Philippines to Australia and Pacific oceanic islands such as Samoa. In Australia, the butterflies perform mass migrations to the south in some years. In April 1995, the butterfly made a rare migratory journey to New Zealand, coinciding with the appearance of Hypolimnas bolina on the islands.^[2]

The wingspan is about 70 mm. Adults have black wings with blue spots. They are grey with black bands between segments and orange lateral lines and a black head with white markings. Adults have been observed scratching the leaves of Heliotropium amplexicaule and Parsonsia straminea, possibly to suck out moisture,^[3] or to obtain pyrrolizidine alkaloids for pheromone production and/or chemical defense.^[4]

The larvae feed on a wide range of plants including Parsonsia (including Parsonsia straminea and Parsonsia velutina), Heterostemma papuana, Heterostemma acuminatum, Hoya australis, Leichhardtia, Marsdenia (including Marsdenia velutina), Secanome carnosum, Secamone elliptica, Vincetoxicum (syn. Tylophora), Cryptostegia grandiflora, Cynanchum carnosum, and Cynanchum leptolepis.

Subspecies

T. h. hamata (MacLeay, [1826]) (Australia: Cape York to Sydney)
T. h. angustata Moore, 1883 (Tonga)
T. h. arikata (Fruhstorfer, 1910) (Sula Islands)
T. h. coarctata (Joicey & Talbot, 1922) (Biak)
T. h. goana (Martin, 1910) (southern Sulawesi)
T. h. insignis (Talbot, 1943) (eastern Solomon Is.)
T. h. leucoptera (Butler, 1874) (Waigeu, Gebe, Neomfoor, West Irian)
T. h. melittula (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) (Samoa)
T. h. moderata Butler, 1875 (Vanuatu, New Caledonia)
T. h. neomelissa Bryk, 1937 (Java)
T. h. nepthys Fruhstorfer, 1911 (Sulu Is.)
T. h. neptunia (C. & R. Felder, [1865]) (Fiji)
T. h. nigra (Martin, 1910) (Buru, Ambon, Serang, Saparua)
T. h. obscurata (Butler, 1874) (New Britain, New Ireland, Duke of York Group, Bougainville to Guadalcanal)
T. h. orientalis Semper, 1879 (Luzon, Cebu)
T. h. pallidula (Talbot, 1943) (West Irian)
T. h. paryadres (Fruhstorfer, 1910) (Timor to Tanimbar, Aru and the Kai Islands)
T. h. subnubila (Talbot, 1943) (Papua, Yule Island)
T. h. talautensis (Talbot, 1943) (Talaud)

References

^ Tirumala at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
^ Early, John W.; Parrish, G. Richard; Ryan, Paddy A. (1995). "An Invasion of Australian Blue Moon and Blue Tiger Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in New Zealand". Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum. 32: 45–53. ISSN 0067-0464. JSTOR 42906451. Wikidata Q58677481.
^ Australian Insects
^ Ackery, P. R., Vane-Wright, R. I. 1984. Milkweed Butterflies. London/Ithaca NY: British Museum of Natural History/Cornell University Press.

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[1] Tirumala at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms

[Early-2] Early, John W.; Parrish, G. Richard; Ryan, Paddy A. (1995). "An Invasion of Australian Blue Moon and Blue Tiger Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in New Zealand". Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum. 32: 45–53. ISSN 0067-0464. JSTOR 42906451. Wikidata Q58677481.

[3] Australian Insects

[4] Ackery, P. R., Vane-Wright, R. I. 1984. Milkweed Butterflies. London/Ithaca NY: British Museum of Natural History/Cornell University Press.

[2]

[1]

[3]

[4]

Tirumala hamata

Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Nymphalidae
Genus:	Tirumala
Species:	T. hamata
Binomial name
*Tirumala hamata* (MacLeay, [1826])^[1]
Synonyms
Euploea hamata MacLeay, [1826] Danais australis Blanchard, 1853 Papilio melissa Stoll, [1781] Danais moderata Butler, [1876] Danais hamata var. orientalis Semper, [1879] Tirumala angustata Moore, 1883 Danaida nephthys Fruhstorfer, 1911 Danaida pelagia Fruhstorfer, 1911 Danaida sassina Fruhstorfer, 1911 Danaida tibula Fruhstorfer, 1911 Danaida melissa melissa f. melissina Rothschild, 1915 Danaida tutuilae Hopkins, 1927 Tirumala neomelissa Bryk, 1937 Danaus mendica Talbot, 1943 Danaida hamata paryadres Fruhstorfer, 1910 Danaida singaria Fruhstorfer, 1910 Danaida hamata arikata Fruhstorfer, 1910 Danais (Tirumala) melissa nigra Martin, 1910 Danais (Tirumala) hamata goana Martin, 1910 Danais leucoptera Butler, 1874 Danaus hamata talautensis Talbot, 1943 Danaus hamata pallidula Talbot, 1943 Danaus hamata subnubila Talbot, 1943 Danaida (Tirumala) melissa coarctata Joicey & Talbot, 1922 Danais obscurata Butler, 1874 Danaida gariata Fruhstorfer, 1910 Danaus hamata insignis Talbot, 1943 Danais neptunia C. & R. Felder, [1865] Danais claribella Butler, 1882 Danaida hamata neptunia f. protoneptunia Poulton, 1924 Danais melittula Herrich-Schäffer, 1869