European Bowls Championships

European Bowls Championships
Tournament information
Sport	Lawn bowls
Location	Europe
Established	1997
Administrator	Bowls Europe Ltd
Website	Bowls Europe
	← 2022 2024 →

The European Bowls Championship formerly the European Bowls Team Championships is a biennial continental lawn bowls tournament for European nations. From its inauguration in 1997 until September 2021, the tournament was organised by the European Bowls Union (EBU).^[1]

In September 2021, the members of what was the "European Bowls Union" (E.B.U.) voted unanimously, to rebrand and be replaced by the newly formed, limited company, Bowls Europe Ltd (registered in Scotland). The competition now features the traditional four disciplines of singles, pairs, triples and fours.

History

The tournament was established to enable smaller countries in Europe to participate competitively against other more established bowls playing countries maintaining the principal aim, of fostering and developing the sport of lawn bowls throughout Europe.^[2]

The first championship was held in 1997, with financial help from the Guernsey Tourist Board.^[2] The format of the championship in 1997, was a team event consisting of two sets of mixed pairs from each country competing. In addition, there was a men's and women's singles event, with the winners of each meeting in the Champion of champions match. In 1999, singles and mixed pairs were played as part of the team event.^[3]

Participating nations

There are currently 19 member nations affiliated to Bowls Europe.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Championship Medalists

Year	Host	Event	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1997	Saint Peter Port, Guernsey^[2]^[7]	Men's singles	John Bell	Gary McCloy	George Adrain / David Gourlay
		Women's singles	Judith Wason	Margaret Johnston	Pam Cole / Crystal Toleman
		Champion of champions	John Bell	Judith Wason	not awarded
		Team champions (mixed pairs)	Gary McCloy Noel Graham Margaret Johnston Dorothy Kane	Will Thomas Dai Wilkins Ann Dainton Judith Wason	David Gourlay George Adrain Sarah Gourlay Joyce Lindores
1999	Les Creux BC, Jersey ^[8]^[9]	Team champions (singles & mixed pairs)	Gary Mackie David Peacock Julie Forrest Joyce Lindores	Mervyn King Alan Prew Norma Shaw Mary Price	Gary McCloy Noel Graham Margaret Johnston Dorothy Kane
2001	Les Creux BC, Jersey ^[10]	Team champions (singles & mixed pairs)	Gary Mackie David Peacock Betty Forsyth Sandra Steven	Ian Slade Richard Bowen Ann Dainton Shirley King	McCloy Myles Greenfield Margaret Johnston Donna McNally
2001	Les Creux BC, Jersey ^[10]	Individual award	Sandra Steven	Gary McCloy	David Holt
2003	Vilamoura BC, Portugal ^[11]^[2]^[12]	Team champions (singles & mixed pairs)	Jayne Christie	Raymond Sher Ruthie Gilor
2005	Vilamoura BC, Portugal ^[13]^[14]^[15] ^[2]^[16]^[17]	Team champions (singles & mixed pairs)	Colin Peacock Anna Watson	Catherine Popple Liz Smerdon	Martin McHugh Neil Booth Margaret Johnston Barbara Cameron
2005	Vilamoura BC, Portugal ^[13]^[14]^[15] ^[2]^[16]^[17]	Individual award	Catherine Popple		Alison Merrien
2007	Athena Beach, Cyprus ^[18]^[2]^[13]^[19]^[20]	Team champions	Nick Brett Simon Skelton Catherine Popple Mo Monkton	Iain McLean Grant Logan Lynn Stein Caroline Brown	Nick Cole Jackie Breslin Pam Cole Maggie Lawley
		Individual award	Catherine Popple	Iain McLean	Lynn Stein
		Men's singles	Iain McLean	Nick Brett Simon Skelton	Not awarded
		Women's singles	Catherine Popple	Lynn Stein	Mo Monkton
2009	Athena Beach, Cyprus ^[21]^[22]^[23]^[14]^[2]^[24]^[25] ^[26]^[27]^[28]	Team champions	Colin Peacock Jim Gilrut Lynn Stein Michelle Cooper	Nick Brett Simon Skelton Sue Davies Mo Monkton	Matt Le Ber Garry Collins Alison Merrien Lucy Beere
		Individual award	Cyril Renouf	Lucy Beere	Colin Peacock
		Men's singles	Cyril Renouf	Colin Peacock	Nick Brett
		Women's singles	Lucy Beere	Linda Ryan	Lynn Stein
		Mixed pairs	{{}}	Garry Collins Alison Merrien	{{}}
2011	Portugal Vilamoura BC ^[29]^[30]^[3]^[31]^[32]^[2]^[33] ^[34]^[35]^[36]^[37]^[38]^[39]^[40]^[41]	Men's Pairs	Wales Marc Wyatt David Harding	England Tristan Morton Andrew Catton	Ireland Stephen Shields Gary McCloy
		Ladies Pairs	Jersey Katie Nixon Joan Renouf	England Lorraine Kuhler Annalisa Bellamy	Wales Lisa Forey Caroline Taylor
		Mixed Pairs	Wales Wyatt Harding Forey Taylor	Scotland Derek Oliver Robert Grant Susan Murray Claire Douglas	Israel Tzvika Hadar Danny Slodovnik Tami Kamzel Ruthie Gilor
		Team Champions	Wales Wyatt Harding Forey Taylor	England Morton Catton Kuhler Bellamy	Scotland Oliver Grant Murray Douglas
2013	Spain Emerald Isle BC San Miguel BC ^[42]^[43]^[44]^[2]^[45] ^[46]^[47]^[48]^[49]^[50]^[51]	Men's Pairs	Scotland Colin Walker Derek Oliver	Wales Roger Jones Wayne Griffiths	Ireland Stephen Shields Mark Wilson
		Ladies Pairs	Spain Janet Dando Lynn Greenland	England Jamie-Lea Winch Wendy King	Jersey Christine Grimes Joan Renouf
		Mixed Fours	England Jamie Walker Robert Paxton Winch King	Scotland Walker Oliver Susan Murray Lynn Stein	Spain Pete Bonsor Graham Cathcart Dando Greenland
		Team Champions	England Walker Paxton Winch King	Scotland Walker Oliver Murray Stein	Spain Bonsor Cathcart Dando Greenland
2015	Israel Ramat Gan BC ^[52]^[28]^[53]^[54]^[55] ^[56]^[57]^[58]	Men's Pairs	Guernsey Matt Solway Matt Le Ber	Jersey Derek Boswell Cyril Renouf	England Alex Walton Ashley Caress
		Ladies Pairs	England Rebecca Field Amy Stanton	Netherlands Saskia Schaft Norma Duin	Guernsey Jackie Nicolle Lucy Beere
		Mixed Fours	England Walton Caress Field Stanton	Guernsey Matt Solway Le Ber Nicholle Beere	Ireland Stuart Bennett Aaron Tennant Sile Garvey Sarah-Jane Coleman
		Team Champions	England Walton Caress Field Stanton	Guernsey Matt Solway Le Ber Nicholle Beere	Netherlands Ralph de Rooij Frank de Vries Schaft Duin
2017	Jersey Les Creux BC ^[59]^[60]	Men's Pairs	Guernsey Matt Solway Matt Le Ber	Ireland Andrew Kyle Mark Wilson	Scotland Jason Banks Greg McLachlin
		Women's Pairs	England Jamie-Lea Winch Rebecca Wigfield	Ireland Catherine Beattie Megan Wilson	Cyprus Diane Roberts Linda Ryan
		Mixed Fours	Wales Chris Klefenz Chris Ashman Bethan Russ Emma Gittins	Ireland Kyle Wilson Beattie Wilson	Scotland Banks McLachlin Emma McIntyre Natalie Docherty
		Team Champions	Ireland Kyle Wilson Beattie Wilson	Guernsey Matt Solway Le Ber Jackie Nicolle Lucy Beere	Scotland Banks McLachlin Emma McIntyre Docherty
2019	Guernsey Vale Rec Delancey Park Beau Sejour ^[61]	Men's Pairs	England Andrew Walters Tristan Morton	Scotland Darren Weir Connor Milne	Wales Owain Dando Daniel Davies
		Women's Pairs	Guernsey Rose Ogier Lucy Beere	Jersey Kim Gallichan Fiona Archibald	England Devon Cooper Katherine Rednall
		Mixed Fours	Guernsey Todd Priaulx Matt Le Ber Ogier Beere	France Virgile Machado Amaury Dumont Olivia Four Cindy Royet	President's Select David Weale John Colley Jenny Kimber Gwen De la Mare
		Team Champions	Guernsey Priaulx Le Ber Ogier Beere	Scotland Weir Milne Dee Hoggan Natalie Docherty	England Walters Morton Cooper Rednall
2022	Scotland Ayr^[62]	Men's Singles	Ireland Gary Kelly	Jersey Michael Rive	Scotland Mark O'Hagan
		Men's Pairs	England Tom McGuinness Ed Morris	Guernsey Matt Solway Todd Priaulx	Scotland Jason Banks John Fleming Jnr.
		Men's Triples	Ireland Aaron Tennant Gary Kelly Mark Wilson	Scotland Blair Davidson Mark O'Hagan Connor Milne	Israel Tzvika Hadar Selwyn Hare Allan Saitowitz
		Men's Fours	Scotland Blair Davidson Jason Banks John Fleming Jnr. Connor Milne	England Tom McGuinness Ed Morris Lee Calver Harry Goodwin	Ireland Aaron Tennant Stuart Bennett Stephen Kirkwood Mark Wilson
		Women's Singles	England Stef Branfield	Scotland Emma Mcintyre	Israel Ruthie Gilor
		Women's Pairs	England Emma Cooper Stef Branfield	Ireland Sarah Kelly Shauna O'Neil	Scotland Emma Mcintyre Rachael Sinclair
		Women's Triples	Ireland Ashleigh Rainey Lara Reaney Chloe Wilson	England Ruby Hill Laura Holden Lorraine Kuhler	Scotland Kimbereley Dodds Dawn Anderson Megan Grantham
		Women's Fours	Scotland Kimbereley Dodds Dawn Anderson Megan Grantham Rachael Sinclair	Jersey Kim Gallichan Gina de Long Rachael MacDonald Megan Kivlin	England Emma Cooper Ruby Hill Laura Holden Lorraine Kuhler
2024	Scotland Ayr	2024 European Bowls Championships

References

^ "EBU – Home". EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "EBU – History". EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
^ ^a ^b "Bowls: Wales shine in the Algarve to lift the European Union Team crown". Wales Online. 17 November 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
^ "EBU – Teams". EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
^ "EBU – Member nations". EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
^ "Members". Bowls Europe. 22 September 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
^ "'For the Record'". The Times. 29 September 1997. p. 42. Retrieved 22 April 2022 – via The Times Digital Archive.
^ "'For the Record'". The Times. 25 September 1999. p. 40. Retrieved 22 April 2022 – via The Times Digital Archive.
^ "'Bowls'". The Times. 25 September 1999. p. 44. Retrieved 22 April 2022 – via The Times Digital Archive.
^ "'The Daily results service'". The Times. 22 September 2001. p. 42. Retrieved 22 April 2022 – via The Times Digital Archive.
^ "Bowls:Mixed fortunes for Jersey team in Portugal". Jersey Evening Post. 12 November 2003. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
^ "EBU Championships 2003 – Team Champions" (PDF). EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
^ ^a ^b "2007 Tournament Report" (PDF). CBH Cyprus. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
^ ^a ^b "Bowls Guernsey Role of Honour : 2015 – 2005". Bowls Guernsey. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
^ "Guernsey quartet head to Cyprus". Guernsey Press. 12 April 2006. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
^ "EBU Championships 2005 – Team Champions" (PDF). EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
^ "It's official: Merrien among the world's best". Guernsey Press. 12 April 2006. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
^ "Sixth European Bowls Championships 2007". CBH Cyprus. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
^ "EBU Championships 2007 – Team Champions" (PDF). EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
^ "European Team Bowls Championships 2007". The Leader. 2 January 2007. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
^ "Seventh European Bowls Championships 2009". CBH Cyprus. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
^ "Bowler Renouf claims Euro first". BBC. 28 February 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
^ "Bowls Jersey pick their men". Jersey Evening Post. 5 January 2010. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
^ "EBU Championships 2009 – Team Champions" (PDF). EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
^ "EBU Championships 2009 Player Positions" (PDF). EBU. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
^ "Merrien heads the Sarnian challenge". Guernsey Press. 21 February 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
^ "Fast-moving Lucy has no time to mope". Guernsey Press. 2 March 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
^ ^a ^b "Four medals including a gold at European Championships". Guernsey Press. 16 October 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
^ "EBU Chooses Portugal". Portugal Resident. 4 November 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
^ "European bowls union elects Portugal". Portugal News. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
^ "European Games". WWBA. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
^ "Gallery: European Games 2011". WWBA. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
^ "EBU Championships 2011 – Team Champions" (PDF). EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
^ "EBU Championships 2011 – Men's Pairs" (PDF). EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
^ "EBU Championships 2011 – Ladies Pairs" (PDF). EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
^ "EBU Championships 2011 – Mixed Fours" (PDF). EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
^ "Jersey's Thomas Greechan 'overjoyed' at title win". BBC Sport. 15 November 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
^ "Bowls pair strike gold". Jersey Evening Post. 11 November 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
^ "European joy for Jersey duo". Jersey Evening Post. 15 November 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
^ "Silver For Mixed Four At Europeans". Bowls Scotland. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
^ "Lawn bowls / European Championships / Foursome bring home bronze". Haaretz. 18 November 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
^ "Spain to Host European Bowls Championships". The Leader. 27 November 2011. Archived from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
^ "EMERALD ISLE CLUB TO HOST THE EUROPEAN CHAMPIONSHIPS". Taylor Bowls. 23 September 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
^ "Shiels and Wilson Close in on Games Call". Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
^ "EBU Championships 2013 – Team Champions" (PDF). EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
^ "EBU Championships 2013 – Men's Pairs" (PDF). EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
^ "EBU Championships 2013 – Ladies Pairs" (PDF). EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
^ "EBU Championships 2013 – Mixed Fours" (PDF). EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
^ "LAWN BOWLS NEWS: JANET DANDO, CHAMPION OF EUROPE". Anduluza Bowls. 10 October 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
^ "SPAIN STRIKE EUROPEAN GOLD". The Leader. 6 October 2013. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
^ "England triumph in European championships mixed fours". Express. 6 October 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
^ "Bowled over: The South African contribution to lawn bowls in Israel". The Jerusalem Post. 27 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
^ "Pair win Guernsey's first ever gold at European Championships". BBC. 16 October 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
^ "Battling Irish return with bronze medal from Euro Championships". News Letter. 22 October 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
^ "Amy Stanton helps England to European title". Western Daily Press. 21 October 2015. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
^ "Ninth European Championships Review". EBU. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
^ "Silver and bronze at European Championships in Israel". NIOBB. 18 October 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
^ "European Championships – Bronze Medal". IBA. 16 October 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
^ "2017 results". Bowls Europe. 24 September 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
^ "Ireland quartet strikes Euro gold on Channel Islands". World Bowls. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
^ "2019 results". Bowls Europe. 24 September 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
^ "2023 European Bowls Championships results". Bowls Europe. Retrieved 25 May 2023.

[EBU_Home-1] "EBU – Home". EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2015.

[EBU_History-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "EBU – History". EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2015.

[2011_Welsh-3] "Bowls: Wales shine in the Algarve to lift the European Union Team crown". Wales Online. 17 November 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2015.

[4] "EBU – Teams". EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2015.

[5] "EBU – Member nations". EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2015.

[6] "Members". Bowls Europe. 22 September 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2022.

[7] "'For the Record'". The Times. 29 September 1997. p. 42. Retrieved 22 April 2022 – via The Times Digital Archive.

[8] "'For the Record'". The Times. 25 September 1999. p. 40. Retrieved 22 April 2022 – via The Times Digital Archive.

[9] "'Bowls'". The Times. 25 September 1999. p. 44. Retrieved 22 April 2022 – via The Times Digital Archive.

[10] "'The Daily results service'". The Times. 22 September 2001. p. 42. Retrieved 22 April 2022 – via The Times Digital Archive.

[11] "Bowls:Mixed fortunes for Jersey team in Portugal". Jersey Evening Post. 12 November 2003. Retrieved 1 December 2015.

[12] "EBU Championships 2003 – Team Champions" (PDF). EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2014.

[2007_Report-13] "2007 Tournament Report" (PDF). CBH Cyprus. Retrieved 24 November 2015.

[BG_RofH-14] "Bowls Guernsey Role of Honour : 2015 – 2005". Bowls Guernsey. Retrieved 24 November 2015.

[15] "Guernsey quartet head to Cyprus". Guernsey Press. 12 April 2006. Retrieved 24 November 2015.

[16] "EBU Championships 2005 – Team Champions" (PDF). EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2014.

[17] "It's official: Merrien among the world's best". Guernsey Press. 12 April 2006. Retrieved 24 November 2015.

[18] "Sixth European Bowls Championships 2007". CBH Cyprus. Retrieved 24 November 2015.

[19] "EBU Championships 2007 – Team Champions" (PDF). EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2014.

[20] "European Team Bowls Championships 2007". The Leader. 2 January 2007. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.

[21] "Seventh European Bowls Championships 2009". CBH Cyprus. Retrieved 24 November 2015.

[22] "Bowler Renouf claims Euro first". BBC. 28 February 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2015.

[23] "Bowls Jersey pick their men". Jersey Evening Post. 5 January 2010. Retrieved 1 December 2015.

[24] "EBU Championships 2009 – Team Champions" (PDF). EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2014.

[25] "EBU Championships 2009 Player Positions" (PDF). EBU. Retrieved 26 November 2015.

[26] "Merrien heads the Sarnian challenge". Guernsey Press. 21 February 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2015.

[27] "Fast-moving Lucy has no time to mope". Guernsey Press. 2 March 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2015.

[Four_medals-28] "Four medals including a gold at European Championships". Guernsey Press. 16 October 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.

[29] "EBU Chooses Portugal". Portugal Resident. 4 November 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2015.

[30] "European bowls union elects Portugal". Portugal News. Retrieved 24 November 2015.

[31] "European Games". WWBA. Retrieved 30 November 2015.

[WWBA_Gallery-32] "Gallery: European Games 2011". WWBA. Retrieved 30 November 2015.

[33] "EBU Championships 2011 – Team Champions" (PDF). EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2014.

[34] "EBU Championships 2011 – Men's Pairs" (PDF). EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2015.

[35] "EBU Championships 2011 – Ladies Pairs" (PDF). EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2015.

[36] "EBU Championships 2011 – Mixed Fours" (PDF). EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2015.

[37] "Jersey's Thomas Greechan 'overjoyed' at title win". BBC Sport. 15 November 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2015.

[38] "Bowls pair strike gold". Jersey Evening Post. 11 November 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2015.

[39] "European joy for Jersey duo". Jersey Evening Post. 15 November 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2015.

[Silver_For-40] "Silver For Mixed Four At Europeans". Bowls Scotland. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2015.

[41] "Lawn bowls / European Championships / Foursome bring home bronze". Haaretz. 18 November 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2015.

[42] "Spain to Host European Bowls Championships". The Leader. 27 November 2011. Archived from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.

[43] "EMERALD ISLE CLUB TO HOST THE EUROPEAN CHAMPIONSHIPS". Taylor Bowls. 23 September 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2015.

[Games_Call-44] "Shiels and Wilson Close in on Games Call". Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2015.

[45] "EBU Championships 2013 – Team Champions" (PDF). EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2015.

[46] "EBU Championships 2013 – Men's Pairs" (PDF). EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2015.

[47] "EBU Championships 2013 – Ladies Pairs" (PDF). EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2015.

[48] "EBU Championships 2013 – Mixed Fours" (PDF). EBU. Retrieved 2 February 2015.

[Janet_Dando-49] "LAWN BOWLS NEWS: JANET DANDO, CHAMPION OF EUROPE". Anduluza Bowls. 10 October 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2013.

[Spain_Strike-50] "SPAIN STRIKE EUROPEAN GOLD". The Leader. 6 October 2013. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2015.

[The_Express-51] "England triumph in European championships mixed fours". Express. 6 October 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2015.

[52] "Bowled over: The South African contribution to lawn bowls in Israel". The Jerusalem Post. 27 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.

[53] "Pair win Guernsey's first ever gold at European Championships". BBC. 16 October 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.

[Battling_Irish-54] "Battling Irish return with bronze medal from Euro Championships". News Letter. 22 October 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2015.

[55] "Amy Stanton helps England to European title". Western Daily Press. 21 October 2015. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2015.

[56] "Ninth European Championships Review". EBU. Retrieved 21 June 2015.

[57] "Silver and bronze at European Championships in Israel". NIOBB. 18 October 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.

[58] "European Championships – Bronze Medal". IBA. 16 October 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2015.

[59] "2017 results". Bowls Europe. 24 September 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2022.

[60] "Ireland quartet strikes Euro gold on Channel Islands". World Bowls. Retrieved 21 April 2022.

[61] "2019 results". Bowls Europe. 24 September 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2022.

[62] "2023 European Bowls Championships results". Bowls Europe. Retrieved 25 May 2023.

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