The Euryalina are a suborder of brittle stars,[1] which includes large species with either branching arms (called "basket stars") or long and curling arms (called "snake stars"). It is sometimes listed as the order Euryalida.[2]
| Basketstars | |
|---|---|
| |
| Astroboa nuda basket star feeding at night in the Red Sea | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Echinodermata |
| Class: | Ophiuroidea |
| Order: | Phrynophiurida |
| Suborder: | Euryalina Lamarck, 1816 |
| Families | |
|
Asteronychidae | |
Characteristics
editMany of the species in this order have characteristic repeatedly branched arms (a shape known as "basket stars", which includes most Gorgonocephalidae and two species in the family Euryalidae), while the other species have very long and curling arms, and go rather by the name of "snake stars" (mostly abyssal species). Many of them live in deep sea habitats or cold waters, though some basket stars can be seen at night in shallow tropical reefs. Most young basket stars live on specific type of coral.[3] In the wild they may live up to 35 years. They weigh up to 5 kilograms (11 lb). Like other echinoderms, basket stars lack blood and achieve gas exchange via their water vascular system.
The basket stars are the largest ophiuroids with Gorgonocephalus stimpsoni measuring up to 70 cm in arm length with a disk diameter of 14 cm.[4]
Systematics and phylogeny
editThe fossil record of this group is rather poor and only dates back to Carboniferous.[5] Basket stars are divided into the following families:
- family Asteronychidae Ljungman, 1867 -- 4 genera (11 species)
- family Euryalidae Gray, 1840, emended Okanishi et al., 2011 -- 11 genera (89 species)
- family Gorgonocephalidae Ljungman, 1867 -- 34 genera (96 species)
- sub-family Astrocloninae Okanishi & Fujita, 2018
- sub-family Astrothamninae Okanishi & Fujita, 2013
- sub-family Astrotominae Matsumoto, 1915
- sub-family Gorgonocephalinae Döderlein, 1911
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Gallery
edit-
A basket star, located in an area known as "Star Wall", near Maori Bay, New Zealand at a depth of approximately 28 m. -
Close-up of Astroboa nuda basket star arm -
Basket star taken from the Atlantic Ocean -
An abyssal snake star curled around a cold-water coral. -
The genus Euryale is the only "basket star" not belonging to the Gorgonocephalidae (family Euryalidae).
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References
edit- ^ "Euryalina". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ Smith, A.B.; Paterson, G.L.J. (1995). "Ophiuroid phylogeny and higher taxonomy: Morphological, molecular and palaeontological perspectives". Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 114 (2): 213–243. doi:10.1006/zjls.1995.0024.
- ^ Neves, Bárbara de Moura; Wareham Hayes, Vonda; Herder, Erin; Hedges, Kevin; Grant, Cindy; Archambault, Philippe (2020). "Cold-Water Soft Corals (Cnidaria: Nephtheidae) as Habitat for Juvenile Basket Stars (Echinodermata: Gorgonocephalidae)". Frontiers in Marine Science. 7. doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.547896. ISSN 2296-7745.
- ^ Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Gale Cengage. 2003.
- ^ Clarkson, E.; Clarkson, E.N.K. (1998). Invertebrate Palaeontology and Evolution (4 ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
External links
edit- Jo, Yeo Sam (16 October 2014). "Singapore angler catches basket star: 5 things to know about the sea creature". The Straits Times.
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