The Everett massacre, also known as Bloody Sunday, was an armed confrontation between local authorities and members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) union, commonly called "Wobblies". It took place in Everett, Washington, on Sunday, November 5, 1916. The event marked a time of rising tensions in Pacific Northwest labor history.
| Everett massacre | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 Funeral of Felix Baran | |||
| Date | November 5, 1916 | ||
| Location | 47°58′46″N 122°13′13″W / 47.97944°N 122.22028°W | ||
| Goals | Labor rights Wage increase | ||
| Methods | Strikes, protests, demonstrations | ||
| Parties | |||
| |||
| Lead figures | |||
Thomas H. Tracy Donald McRae | |||
| Casualties and losses | |||
| |||
Background
editIn 1916, Everett, Washington, was facing a serious depression. There was ongoing confrontation between business, commercial interests, labor, and labor organizers. There had been a number of labor-organized rallies and speeches in the street. These were opposed by local law enforcement, which was firmly on the side of business. IWW organizers had gone into Everett to support a five-month-long strike by shingle workers. Once there, vigilantes organized by business had beaten them up with axe handles and run them out of town.[1] The Seattle IWW decided to go to Everett in numbers to hold a rally to show their support for the striking shingle workers.[2]
Confrontation at the dock
editOn November 5, 1916, about 300 IWW members met at the IWW Hall in Seattle and then marched down to the docks where they boarded the steamers Verona and Calista which then headed north to Everett. Verona arrived at Everett before Callista and as they approached the dock in the early afternoon, the Wobblies sang their fight song "Hold the Fort". Local business interests, knowing the Wobblies were coming, placed armed goon squads on the dock and on at least one tugboat in the harbor, Edison, owned by the American Tug Boat Company.[3] As with previous labor demonstrations, the local businessmen had also secured the aid of law enforcement, including the Snohomish County sheriff Donald McRae, who was known for targeting Wobblies for arbitrary arrests and beatings.[4]
Shootout
editMore than 200 vigilantes or "citizen deputies", under the ostensible authority of Snohomish County Sheriff McRae, met in order to repel the "anarchists". As the Verona drew into the dock and someone on board threw a line over a bollard, McRae stepped forward and called out, "Boys, who's your leader?" The IWW men laughed and jeered, replying "We're all leaders," and they started to swing out the gang plank. McRae drew his pistol, told them he was the sheriff, he was enforcing the law, and they couldn't land here. There was a silence, then a Wobbly came up to the front and yelled out "the hell we can't."[5]
Just then a single shot rang out, followed by about ten minutes of intense gunfire. Most of it came from the vigilantes on the dock, but some fire came from the Verona, although the majority of the passengers were unarmed.[6] Whether the first shot came from boat or dock was never determined. Passengers aboard the Verona rushed to the opposite side of the ship, nearly capsizing the vessel. The ship's rail broke and a number of passengers were ejected into the water, some drowned as a result, but how many is not known or whether persons who'd been shot also went overboard.[7] Over 175 bullets pierced the pilot house alone, and the captain of the Verona, Chance Wiman, was only able to avoid being shot by ducking behind the ship's safe.[6]
Once the ship righted herself somewhat after the near-capsize, some slack came on the bowline, and Engineer Shellgren put the engines hard astern, parting the line, and enabling the steamer to escape. Out in the harbor, Captain Wiman warned off the approaching Calista and then raced back to Seattle.[6]
Death toll
edit
At the end of the mayhem, two citizen deputies[8] lay dead with 16[6] or 20 others wounded, including Sheriff McRae. The two businessman-deputies that were shot were actually shot in the back by fellow deputies; their injuries were not caused by Wobbly gunfire.[9][10] The IWW officially listed 5 dead[11] with 27 wounded, although it is speculated that as many as 12 IWW members may have been killed. There was a good likelihood that at least some of the casualties on the dock were caused not by IWW firing from the steamer, but on vigilante rounds from the cross-fire of bullets coming from the Edison.[12] The local Everett Wobblies started their street rally anyway, and as a result, McRae's deputized citizens rounded them up and hauled them off to jail.[13] As a result of the shootings, Governor Ernest Lister of the State of Washington sent companies of militia to Everett and Seattle to help maintain order.[13]
Question of violence
editThere have been many efforts to find the IWW, a self-described radical union, at fault for the violence. Other historians have placed blame on external forces, including that a private detective working as a labor spy had advocated violent action at an IWW meeting in Everett.[14]
Aftermath
editUpon returning to Seattle, 74 Wobblies were arrested as a direct result of the "Everett Massacre" including IWW leader Thomas H. Tracy. They were taken to the Snohomish County jail in Everett and charged with murder of the two deputies. After a two-month trial, Tracy was acquitted by a jury on May 5, 1917. Shortly thereafter, all charges were dropped against the remaining 73 defendants and they were released from jail.[citation needed]
See also
edit
Footnotes
edit- ^ "Everett Massacre of 1916 Collection". washington.edu.
- ^ Newell, Gordon R., H.W. McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest, at 263-64, Superior Publishing, Seattle, WA 1966
- ^ McCurdy, at 263
- ^ Clark, Norman H., Mill Town -- A social history of Everett, Washington, at 186-87, University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA 1970 ISBN 0-295-95241-5
- ^ Clark, at 205
- ^ a b c d McCurdy, at 264
- ^ Clark, at 205-206
- ^ ODMP memorials for Deputies Beard and Curtis
- ^ John McClelland Jr., Wobbly War: The Centralia Story (Tacoma: Washington State Historical Society, 1987)
- ^ Lowell S. Hawley and Ralph Bushnell Potts, Counsel for the Damned (New York: Lippincott, 1953).
- ^ The Tacoma Times, Nov. 6, 1916, page 1, also reported 20 IWW and 20 Everett citizens were wounded.
- ^ Clark, at 206
- ^ a b Clark, at 207
- ^ Cahn, William (1972). A Pictorial History of American Labor. p. 204.
...historians Philip Taft and Philip Ross have pointed out in their comments on the violence in labor history that "IWW activity was virtually free of violence... It is of some interest to note that a speaker who advocated violence at a meeting at the IWW hall in Everett [Washington] was later exposed as a private detective.
Further reading
edit- Charles Ashleigh, "Defense Fires Opening Guns: Everett Brutality Revealed in Court", International Socialist Review, vol. 17, no. 11 (May 1917), pp. 673–674.
- Walker C. Smith, "The Everett Massacre: A History of the Class Struggle in the Lumber Industry", I.W.W. Publishing Bureau 1916.
Archives
edit- "Everett Prisoners' Defense Committee records, 1916". 4 items. At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.
- "Industrial Workers of the World, Seattle Joint Branches records, 1890-1965". 3.31 cubic feet (0.094 m3). At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.
- "Industrial Workers of the World photograph collection, approximately 1910-1949". 121 photographic prints (2 boxes); sizes vary. At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.
- "John Leonard Miller papers and oral history interview, 1923-1986". 3.75 cubic feet (0.106 m3) plus 2 sound cassettes. At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.
- "John Leonard Miller photograph collection, circa 1911-1978". 17 photographic prints (1 box); various sizes. At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.
- "Anna Louise Strong papers, 1885-1971". 24.11 cubic feet (43 boxes, 3 packages, 3 folders). Contains material collected by Strong about the IWW Trial and Everett Massacre from 1916–1917. At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.
- The National Archives Contains results of an inquiry into the Everett Massacre collected by the Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation.
- Collection of Identification Photographs of Industrial Workers of the World Strikers, Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.
External links
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- The Everett Massacre Digital Collection, Everett Public Library.
- Everett Massacre of 1916, University of St. Francis.
- Everett Massacre Collection, University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections.
- Essay on the Everett Massacre, HistoryLink.org - The Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History.