Wikipedia

Felidae

(Redirected from Exotic cat)
This article is about the biological family. For the film, see Felidae (film). For the novel, see Felidae (novel).
Not to be confused with Felid, Iran.
"Wild cat" redirects here. For other uses, see Wild cat (disambiguation).

Felidae (/ˈfɛlɪdiː/) is the family of mammals in the order Carnivora colloquially referred to as cats. A member of this family is also called a felid (/ˈfiːlɪd/).[3][4][5][6]

Felidae[2]
Temporal range:
Oligocene–Present, 30.8–0 Ma[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Superfamily: Feloidea
Family: Felidae
Fischer von Waldheim, 1817
Type genus
Felis
Genera and Subfamilies
The native distribution and density of extant felid species.

The 41 extant Felidae species exhibit the greatest diversity in fur patterns of all terrestrial carnivores.[7] Cats have retractile claws, slender muscular bodies and strong flexible forelimbs. Their teeth and facial muscles allow for a powerful bite. They are all obligate carnivores, and most are solitary predators ambushing or stalking their prey. Wild cats occur in Africa, Europe, Asia and the Americas. Some wild cat species are adapted to forest and savanna habitats, some to arid environments, and a few also to wetlands and mountainous terrain. Their activity patterns range from nocturnal and crepuscular to diurnal, depending on their preferred prey species.[8]

Reginald Innes Pocock divided the extant Felidae into three subfamilies: the Pantherinae, the Felinae and the Acinonychinae, differing from each other by the ossification of the hyoid apparatus and by the cutaneous sheaths which protect their claws.[9] This concept has been revised following developments in molecular biology and techniques for the analysis of morphological data. Today, the living Felidae are divided into two subfamilies: the Pantherinae and Felinae, with the Acinonychinae subsumed into the latter. Pantherinae includes five Panthera and two Neofelis species, while Felinae includes the other 34 species in 12 genera.[10]

The first cats emerged during the Oligocene about 25 million years ago, with the appearance of Proailurus and Pseudaelurus. The latter species complex was ancestral to two main lines of felids: the cats in the extant subfamilies and a group of extinct "saber-tooth" felids of the subfamily Machairodontinae, which range from the type genus Machairodus of the late Miocene to Smilodon of the Pleistocene. The "false saber-toothed cats", the Barbourofelidae and Nimravidae, are not true cats but are closely related. Together with the Felidae, Viverridae, hyenas and mongooses, they constitute the Feliformia.[11]

Characteristics

edit
Domestic cat purring
Domestic cat meowing
Lion roaring
 
Extended claws on a house cat
 
Lionesses grooming each other

All members of the cat family have the following characteristics in common:

  • They are digitigrade and have five toes on their forefeet and four on their hind feet. Their curved claws are protractile and attached to the terminal bones of the toe with ligaments and tendons. The claws are guarded by cutaneous sheaths, except in the Acinonyx.[12]
  • The plantar pads of both fore and hind feet form compact three-lobed cushions.[13]
  • They actively protract the claws by contracting muscles in the toe,[8] and they passively retract them. The dewclaws are expanded but do not protract.[14]
  • They have lithe and flexible bodies with muscular limbs.[8]
  • Their skulls are foreshortened with a rounded profile and large orbits.[14]
  • They have 30 teeth with a dental formula of 3.1.3.13.1.2.1. The upper third premolar and lower molar are adapted as carnassial teeth, suited to tearing and cutting flesh.[13] The canine teeth are large, reaching exceptional size in the extinct machairodontinae. The lower carnassial is smaller than the upper carnassial and has a crown with two compressed blade-like pointed cusps.[8]
  • Their tongues are covered with horn-like papillae, which rasp meat from prey and aid in grooming.[14]
  • Their noses project slightly beyond the lower jaw.[12]
  • Their eyes are relatively large, situated to provide binocular vision. Their night vision is especially good due to the presence of a tapetum lucidum, which reflects light inside the eyeball, and gives felid eyes their distinctive shine. As a result, the eyes of felids are about six times more light-sensitive than those of humans, and many species are at least partially nocturnal. The retina of felids also contains a relatively high proportion of rod cells, adapted for distinguishing moving objects in conditions of dim light, which are complemented by the presence of cone cells for sensing colour during the day.[8]
  • They have well-developed and highly sensitive whiskers above the eyes, on the cheeks, and the muzzle, but not below the chin.[12] Whiskers help to navigate in the dark and to capture and hold prey.[14]
  • Their external ears are large and especially sensitive to high-frequency sounds in the smaller cat species. This sensitivity allows them to locate small rodent prey.[8]
  • The penis is subconical,[12] facing downward when not erect[15] and backward during urination.[16] The baculum is small or vestigial, and shorter than in the Canidae.[15][17] Most felids have penile spines that induce ovulation during copulation.[18]
  • They have a vomeronasal organ in the roof of the mouth, allowing them to "taste" the air.[19] The use of this organ is associated with the Flehmen response.[20]
  • They cannot detect the sweetness of sugar, as they lack the sweet taste receptor.[21]
  • They share a broadly similar set of vocalizations but with some variation between species. In particular, the pitch of calls varies, with larger species producing deeper sounds; overall, the frequency of felid calls ranges between 50 and 10,000 hertz.[22][23] The standard sounds made by felids include mewing, chuffing, spitting, hissing, snarling and growling. Mewing and chuffing are the main contact sound, whereas the others signify an aggressive motivation.[8]
  • They can purr during both phases of respiration, though pantherine cats seem to purr only during oestrus and copulation, and as cubs when suckling. Purring is generally a low-pitch sound of 16.8–27.5 Hz and is mixed with other vocalization types during the expiratory phase.[24] The ability to roar comes from an elongated and specially adapted larynx and hyoid apparatus.[25] When air passes through the larynx on the way from the lungs, the cartilage walls of the larynx vibrate, producing sound. Only lions, leopards, tigers, and jaguars are truly able to roar, although the loudest mews of snow leopards have a similar, if less structured, sound.[8] Clouded leopards can neither purr nor roar, and so Neofelis is said to be a sister group to Panthera. Sabretoothed cats may have had the ability to both roar and purr.

The colour, length and density of their fur are very diverse. Fur colour covers the gamut from white to black, and fur patterns from distinctive small spots, and stripes to small blotches and rosettes. Most cat species are born with spotted fur, except the jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi), Asian golden cat (Catopuma temminckii) and caracal (Caracal caracal). The spotted fur of lion (Panthera leo), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and cougar (Puma concolor) cubs change to uniform fur during their ontogeny.[7] Those living in cold environments have thick fur with long hair, like the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) and the Pallas's cat (Otocolobus manul).[14] Those living in tropical and hot climate zones have short fur.[8] Several species exhibit melanism with all-black individuals, cougars are notable for lacking melanism but leucism and albinism are present in cougars along with many other felids.[26]

In the great majority of cat species, the tail is between a third and a half of the body length, although with some exceptions, like the Lynx species and margay (Leopardus wiedii).[8] Cat species vary greatly in body and skull sizes, and weights:

  • The largest cat species is the tiger (Panthera tigris), with a head-to-body length of up to 390 cm (150 in), a weight range of at least 65 to 325 kg (143 to 717 lb), and a skull length ranging from 316 to 413 mm (12.4 to 16.3 in).[8][27] Although the maximum skull length of a lion is slightly greater at 419 mm (16.5 in), it is generally smaller in head-to-body length than the former.[28]
  • The smallest cat species are the rusty-spotted cat (Prionailurus rubiginosus) and the black-footed cat (Felis nigripes). The former is 35–48 cm (14–19 in) in length and weighs 0.9–1.6 kg (2.0–3.5 lb).[8] The latter has a head-to-body length of 36.7–43.3 cm (14.4–17.0 in) and a maximum recorded weight of 2.45 kg (5.4 lb).[29][30]

Most cat species have a haploid number of 18 or 19. Central and South American cats have a haploid number of 18, possibly due to the combination of two smaller chromosomes into a larger one.[31]

Felidae have type IIx muscle fibers three times more powerful than the muscle fibers of human athletes.[32]

Evolution

edit
 
Feliform evolutionary timeline
 
Megantereon model at Natural History Museum of Basel
 
Artist's reconstruction of Smilodon fatalis
 
Graphical reconstruction of an American lion (Panthera atrox)

The family Felidae is part of the Feliformia, a suborder that diverged probably about 50.6 to 35 million years ago into several families.[33] The Felidae and the Asiatic linsangs are considered a sister group, which split about 35.2 to 31.9 million years ago.[34]

The earliest cats probably appeared about 35 to 28.5 million years ago. Proailurus is the oldest known cat that occurred after the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event about 33.9 million years ago; fossil remains were excavated in France and Mongolia's Hsanda Gol Formation.[11] Fossil occurrences indicate that the Felidae arrived in North America around 18.5 million years ago. This is about 20 million years later than the Ursidae and the Nimravidae, and about 10 million years later than the Canidae.[35]

In the Early Miocene about 20 to 16.6 million years ago, Pseudaelurus lived in Africa. Its fossil jaws were also excavated in geological formations of Europe's Vallesian, Asia's Middle Miocene and North America's late Hemingfordian to late Barstovian epochs.[36]

In the Early or Middle Miocene, the saber-toothed Machairodontinae evolved in Africa and migrated northwards in the Late Miocene.[37] With their large upper canines, they were adapted to prey on large-bodied megaherbivores.[38][39] Miomachairodus is the oldest known member of this subfamily. Metailurus lived in Africa and Eurasia about 8 to 6 million years ago. Several Paramachaerodus skeletons were found in Spain. Homotherium appeared in Africa, Eurasia and North America around 3.5 million years ago, and Megantereon about 3 million years ago. Smilodon lived in North and South America from about 2.5 million years ago. This subfamily became extinct in the Late Pleistocene.[37]

Results of mitochondrial analysis indicate that the living Felidae species descended from a common ancestor, which originated in Asia in the Late Miocene epoch. They migrated to Africa, Europe and the Americas in the course of at least 10 migration waves during the past ~11 million years. Low sea levels and interglacial and glacial periods facilitated these migrations.[40] Panthera blytheae is the oldest known pantherine cat dated to the late Messinian to early Zanclean ages about 5.95 to 4.1 million years ago. A fossil skull was excavated in 2010 in Zanda County on the Tibetan Plateau.[41] Panthera palaeosinensis from North China probably dates to the Late Miocene or Early Pliocene. The skull of the holotype is similar to that of a lion or leopard.[42] Panthera zdanskyi dates to the Gelasian about 2.55 to 2.16 million years ago. Several fossil skulls and jawbones were excavated in northwestern China.[43] Panthera gombaszoegensis is the earliest known pantherine cat that lived in Europe about 1.95 to 1.77 million years ago.[44]

Living felids fall into eight evolutionary lineages or species clades.[45][46] Genotyping of the nuclear DNA of all 41 felid species revealed that hybridization between species occurred in the course of evolution within the majority of the eight lineages.[47]

Modelling of felid coat pattern transformations revealed that nearly all patterns evolved from small spots.[48]

Classification

edit

Traditionally, five subfamilies had been distinguished within the Felidae based on phenotypical features: the Pantherinae, the Felinae, the Acinonychinae,[9] and the extinct Machairodontinae and Proailurinae.[49] Acinonychinae used to only contain the genus Acinonyx but this genus is now within the Felinae subfamily.[10]

Phylogeny

edit

The following cladogram based on Piras et al. (2013) depicts the phylogeny of basal living and extinct groups.[50]

 Felidae 
 †Proailurus 
Proailurinae

†Proailurus bourbonnensis

†Proailurus lemanensis

†Proailurus major

 "Pseudaelurus" 
Pseudaelurus lineage
 †Pseudaelurus 

†Pseudaelurus quadridentatus

†Pseudaelurus cuspidatus

†Pseudaelurus guangheesis

†Machairodontinae  

 †Hyperailurictis 
Hyperailurictis lineage

†Hyperailurictis intrepidus

†Hyperailurictis marshi

†Hyperailurictis stouti

†Hyperailurictis validus

†Hyperailurictis skinneri

 †Sivaelurus 

†Sivaelurus chinjiensis

Styriofelis lineage
 †Styriofelis 

†Styriofelis turnauensis

†Styriofelis romieviensis

 Felinae 

Felinae  

 †Miopanthera 

†Miopanthera lorteti

†Miopanthera pamiri

Pantherinae  

sensu lato
(grade)

The phylogenetic relationships of living felids are shown in the following cladogram:[47]

  Felidae  
Panthera lineage
  Pantherinae  
  Neofelis  

Sunda clouded leopard (N. diardi)

Clouded leopard (N. nebulosa)

  Panthera  

Tiger (P. tigris)

Snow leopard (P. uncia)

Jaguar (P. onca)

Lion (P. leo)

Leopard (P. pardus)

  Felinae  
Caracal lineage
  Leptailurus  

Serval (L. serval)

  Caracal  

African golden cat (C. aurata)

Caracal (C. caracal)

Ocelot lineage
  Leopardus  

Andean mountain cat (L. jacobita)

Ocelot (L. pardalis)

Margay (L. wiedii)

Pampas cat (L. colocola)

Oncilla (Northern tiger cat, L. tigrina)

Southern tiger cat (L. guttulus)

Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi)

Kodkod (L. guigna)

Bay cat lineage
  Pardofelis  

Marbled cat (P. marmorata)

  Catopuma  

Bay cat (C. badia)

Asian golden cat (C. temminckii)

  Lynx  
Lynx lineage

Bobcat (L. rufus)

Canada lynx (L. canadensis)

Eurasian lynx (L. lynx)

Iberian lynx (L. pardinus)

Puma lineage
  Acinonyx  

Cheetah (A. jubatus)

  Herpailurus  

Jaguarundi (H. yagouaroundi)

  Puma  

Cougar (P. concolor)

Leopard cat lineage
  Otocolobus  

Pallas's cat (O. manul)

  Prionailurus  

Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus)

Flat-headed cat (P. planiceps)

Fishing cat (P. viverrinus)

Leopard cat (P. bengalensis)

Sunda leopard cat (P. javanensis)

  Felis  
Domestic cat lineage

Jungle cat (F. chaus)

Black-footed cat (F. nigripes)

Sand cat (F. margarita)

  wildcats  

Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti)

African wildcat (F. lybica)

Domestic cat (F. catus)

European wildcat (F. silvestris)

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "Felidae". paleobiodb.org. Archived from the original on 2021-07-11. Retrieved 2021-07-04.
  2. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Felidae". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–548. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ Salles, L. O. (1992). "Felid phylogenetics: extant taxa and skull morphology (Felidae, Aeluroidea)" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (3047). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-04-18. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
  4. ^ Hemmer, H. (1978). "Evolutionary systematics of living Felidae – present status and current problems". Carnivore. 1: 71–79.
  5. ^ Johnson, W. E.; Dratch, P. A.; Martenson, J. S.; O'Brien, S. J. (1996). "Resolution of recent radiations within three evolutionary lineages of Felidae using mitochondrial restriction fragment length polymorphism variation". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 3 (2): 97–120. doi:10.1007/bf01454358. S2CID 38348868.
  6. ^ Christiansen, P. (2008). "Evolution of skull and mandible shape in cats (Carnivora: Felidae)". PLOS ONE. 3 (7): e2807. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2807C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002807. PMC 2475670. PMID 18665225.
  7. ^ a b Peters, G. (1982). "Zur Fellfarbe und -zeichnung einiger Feliden". Bonner Zoologische Beiträge. 33 (1): 19−31.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Sunquist, M.; Sunquist, F. (2002). "What is a Cat?". Wild Cats of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 5–18. ISBN 9780226779997. Archived from the original on 2021-03-31. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  9. ^ a b Pocock, R. I. (1917). "The classification of the existing Felidae". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Series 8. XX (119): 329–350. doi:10.1080/00222931709487018.
  10. ^ a b Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News. Special Issue 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-01-17. Retrieved 2017-07-19.
  11. ^ a b Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W.; Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. ISBN 9780199234455. Archived from the original on 2018-09-25. Retrieved 2019-03-15.
  12. ^ a b c d Pocock, R. I. (1917). "VII.—On the external characters of the Felidæ". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology. 8. 19 (109): 113−136. doi:10.1080/00222931709486916.
  13. ^ a b Pocock, R. I. (1939). "Felidae". The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. – Volume 1. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 191–330.
  14. ^ a b c d e Kitchener, A. C.; Van Valkenburgh, B.; Yamaguchi, N. (2010). "Felid form and function". In Macdonald, D.; Loveridge, A. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of wild felids. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 83−106. Archived from the original on 2021-02-16. Retrieved 2018-09-11.
  15. ^ a b Ewer, R. F. (1973). The Carnivores. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801484933. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
  16. ^ Ewer, R. F. (2013-12-11). Ethology of Mammals. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4899-4656-0.
  17. ^ Lariviere, S.; Ferguson, S. H. (2002). "On the evolution of the mammalian baculum: vaginal friction, prolonged intromission or induced ovulation?". Mammal Review. 32 (4): 283–294. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2907.2002.00112.x. Archived from the original on 2021-02-12. Retrieved 2020-08-25.
  18. ^ de Morais, R. N. (2008). "Reproduction in small felid males". In Fowler, M. E.; Cubas, Z. S. (eds.). Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of South American Wild Animals (Second ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 312–316. ISBN 9780470376980. Archived from the original on 2021-02-12. Retrieved 2020-08-25.
  19. ^ Salazar, I.; Quinteiro, P.; Cifuentes, J. M.; Caballero, T. G. (1996). "The vomeronasal organ of the cat". Journal of Anatomy. 188 (2): 445–454. PMC 1167581. PMID 8621344.
  20. ^ Hart, B. L.; Leedy, M. G. (1987). "Stimulus and hormonal determinants of flehmen behavior in cats" (PDF). Hormones and Behavior. 21 (1): 44−52. doi:10.1016/0018-506X(87)90029-8. PMID 3557332. S2CID 6039377. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-06-08. Retrieved 2019-03-27.
  21. ^ Li, X.; Li, W.; Wang, H.; Cao, J.; Maehashi, K.; Huang, L.; Bachmanov, A. A.; Reed, D. R.; Legrand-Defretin, V.; Beauchamp, G. K.; Brand, J. G. (2005). "Pseudogenization of a Sweet-Receptor Gene Accounts for Cats' Indifference toward Sugar". PLOS Genetics. 1 (1): 27–35. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0010003. PMC 1183522. PMID 16103917.
  22. ^ Sunquist, M.; Sunquist, F. (2002). "Appendix 4. Vocal communication in felids". Wild Cats of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 421–424. ISBN 9780226518237. Archived from the original on 2021-12-23. Retrieved 2020-12-25.
  23. ^ Graf, R. F. (1999). Modern Dictionary of Electronics. Newnes. ISBN 9780750698665. Archived from the original on 2021-12-23. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  24. ^ Peters, G. (2002). "Purring and similar vocalizations in mammals". Mammal Review. 32 (4): 245−271. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2907.2002.00113.x.
  25. ^ Weissengruber, G. E.; Forstenpointner, G.; Peters, G.; Kübber-Heiss, A.; Fitch, W. T. (2002). "Hyoid apparatus and pharynx in the lion (Panthera leo), jaguar (Panthera onca), tiger (Panthera tigris), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and the domestic cat (Felis silvestris f. catus)". Journal of Anatomy. 201 (3). Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 195–209. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00088.x. PMC 1570911. PMID 12363272.
  26. ^ Eizirik, E.; Yuhki, N.; Johnson, W. E.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Hannah, S. S.; O'Brien, S. J. (2003). "Molecular Genetics and Evolution of Melanism in the Cat Family". Current Biology. 13 (5): 448–453. Bibcode:2003CBio...13..448E. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00128-3. PMID 12620197. S2CID 19021807.
  27. ^ Hewett, J. P.; Hewett Atkinson, L. (1938). Jungle trails in northern India: reminiscences of hunting in India. London: Metheun and Company Limited.
  28. ^ Heptner, V. G.; Sludskij, A. A. (1992) [1972]. "Tiger". Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola [Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2. Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats)]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 95–202.
  29. ^ Mills, M. G. L. (2005). "Felis nigripes Burchell, 1824 Black-footed cat". In Skinner, J. D.; Chimimba, C. T. (eds.). The mammals of the southern African subregion (Third ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 405−408. ISBN 9780521844185. Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  30. ^ Sliwa, A. (2004). "Home range size and social organization of black-footed cats (Felis nigripes)". Mammalian Biology. 69 (2): 96–107. doi:10.1078/1616-5047-00124.
  31. ^ Vella, C.; Shelton, L. M.; McGonagle, J. J.; Stanglein, T. W. (2002). Robinson's Genetics for Cat Breeders and Veterinarians (Fourth ed.). Oxford: Butterworh-Heinemann Ltd. ISBN 9780750640695.
  32. ^ Kohn, Tertius A.; Noakes, Timothy D. (2013). "Lion (Panthera leo) and caracal (Caracal caracal) type IIx single muscle fibre force and power exceed that of trained humans". Journal of Experimental Biology. 216 (Pt 6): 960–969. doi:10.1242/jeb.078485. ISSN 1477-9145. PMC 3587382. PMID 23155088.
  33. ^ Eizirik, E.; Murphy, W. J.; Köpfli, K. P.; Johnson, W. E.; Dragoo, J. W.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Pattern and timing of the diversification of the mammalian order Carnivora inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56 (1): 49–63. Bibcode:2010MolPE..56...49E. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.033. PMC 7034395. PMID 20138220.
  34. ^ Gaubert, P.; Veron, G. (2003). "Exhaustive sample set among Viverridae reveals the sister-group of felids: the linsangs as a case of extreme morphological convergence within Feliformia". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 270 (1532): 2523–2530. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2521. PMC 1691530. PMID 14667345.
  35. ^ Silvestro, D.; Antonelli, A.; Salamin, N.; Quental, T. B. (2015). "The role of clade competition in the diversification of North American canids". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (28): 8684−8689. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.8684S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1502803112. PMC 4507235. PMID 26124128.
  36. ^ Rothwell, T. (2003). "Phylogenetic systematics of North American Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae)" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (3403): 1−64. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)403<0001:PSONAP>2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/2829. S2CID 67753626.[permanent dead link‍]
  37. ^ a b van den Hoek Ostende, L. W.; Morlo, M.; Nagel, D. (2006). "Majestic killers: the sabre-toothed cats" (PDF). Geology Today. Fossils explained 52. 22 (4): 150–157. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2006.00572.x. S2CID 128960196. Retrieved 2008-06-30.[dead link‍]
  38. ^ Randau, M.; Carbone, C.; Turvey, S. T. (2013). "Canine evolution in sabretoothed carnivores: natural selection or sexual selection?". PLOS ONE. 8 (8): e72868. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...872868R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072868. PMC 3738559. PMID 23951334.
  39. ^ Piras, P.; Silvestro, D.; Carotenuto, F.; Castiglione, S.; Kotsakis, A.; Maiorino, L.; Melchionna, M.; Mondanaro, A.; Sansalone, G.; Serio, C.; Vero, V. A. (2018). "Evolution of the sabertooth mandible: A deadly ecomorphological specialization". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 496: 166−174. Bibcode:2018PPP...496..166P. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.01.034. hdl:2158/1268434.
  40. ^ Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: a genetic assessment". Science. 311 (5757): 73–77. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146. S2CID 41672825. Archived from the original on 2020-10-04. Retrieved 2019-08-12.
  41. ^ Tseng, Z. J.; Wang, X.; Slater, G. J.; Takeuchi, G. T.; Li, Q.; Liu, J.; Xie, G. (2014). "Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 281 (1774): 20132686. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2686. PMC 3843846. PMID 24225466.
  42. ^ Mazak, J. H. (2010). "What is Panthera palaeosinensis?". Mammal Review. 40 (1): 90−102. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2009.00151.x.
  43. ^ Mazák, J. H.; Christiansen, P.; Kitchener, A. C. (2011). "Oldest Known Pantherine Skull and Evolution of the Tiger". PLOS ONE. 6 (10): e25483. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625483M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025483. PMC 3189913. PMID 22016768.
  44. ^ Argant, A.; Argant, J. (2011). "The Panthera gombaszogensis story: The contribution of the Château Breccia (Saône-Et-Loire, Burgundy, France)". Quaternaire. Hors-série (4): 247–269.
  45. ^ Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J. (1997). "Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Felidae using 16S rRNA and NADH-5 mitochondrial genes". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 44 (Supplement 1): S98–S116. Bibcode:1997JMolE..44S..98J. doi:10.1007/PL00000060. PMID 9071018. S2CID 40185850. Archived from the original on 2020-10-04. Retrieved 2019-08-12.
  46. ^ O'Brien, S. J.; Johnson, W. E. (2005). "Big cat genomics". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 6: 407–429. doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.6.080604.162151. PMID 16124868. Archived from the original on 2020-11-28. Retrieved 2019-08-12.
  47. ^ a b Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E.; Murphy, W. J. (2016). "Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae)". Genome Research. 26 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1101/gr.186668.114. PMC 4691742. PMID 26518481.
  48. ^ Werdelin, L.; Olsson, L. (2008). "How the leopard got its spots: a phylogenetic view of the evolution of felid coat patterns". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 62 (3): 383–400. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1997.tb01632.x.
  49. ^ McKenna, M. C.; Bell, S. K. (2000). "Family Felidae Fischer de Waldheim, 1817:372. Cats". Classification of Mammals. Columbia University Press. p. 230. ISBN 9780231110136. Archived from the original on 2021-04-19. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  50. ^ Piras, P.; Maiorino, L.; Teresi, L.; Meloro, C.; Lucci, F.; Kotsakis, T.; Raia, P. (2013). "Bite of the Cats: Relationships between Functional Integration and Mechanical Performance as Revealed by Mandible Geometry". Systematic Biology. 62 (6): 878–900. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syt053. ISSN 1063-5157. PMID 23925509.
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Felidae.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felidae&oldid=1260085169"