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Congressional Record

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The Congressional Record is the official record of the proceedings and debates of the United States Congress, published by the United States Government Publishing Office and issued when Congress is in session. The Congressional Record Index is updated daily online and published monthly. At the end of a session of Congress, the daily editions are compiled in bound volumes constituting the permanent edition. Chapter 9 of Title 44 of the United States Code authorizes publication of the Congressional Record.

A page from the February 12, 1999, edition of the Congressional Record, published during the impeachment trial of former President Bill Clinton. Formal citation: 1999 Congressional Record, Vol. 145, Page S1457 .
A page from the June 14 to 28, 1935, Congressional Record

The Congressional Record consists of four sections: the House section, the Senate section, the Extensions of Remarks, and, since the 1940s, the Daily Digest.[citation needed] At the back of each daily issue is the Daily Digest, which summarizes the day's floor and committee activities and serves as a table of contents for each issue. The House and Senate sections contain proceedings for the separate chambers of Congress.

A section of the Congressional Record titled Extensions of Remarks contains speeches, tributes and other extraneous words that were not uttered during open proceedings of the full Senate or of the full House of Representatives. Witnesses in committee hearings are often asked to submit their complete testimony "for the record" and only deliver a summary of it in person. The full statement will then appear in a printed volume of the hearing identified as "Statements for the Record". In years past, this particular section of the Congressional Record was called the "Appendix".[1] While members of either body may insert material into Extensions of Remarks, Senators rarely do so.[citation needed] The overwhelming majority of what is found there is entered at the request of Members of the House of Representatives. From a legal standpoint, most materials in the Congressional Record are classified as secondary authority, as part of a statute's legislative history.[citation needed]

By custom and rules of each house, members also frequently "revise and extend" their remarks made on the floor before the debates are published in the Congressional Record. Therefore, for many years, speeches that were not delivered in Congress appeared in the Congressional Record, including in the sections purporting to be verbatim reports of debates.[2] In recent years, however, these revised remarks have been preceded by a "bullet" symbol or, more recently and currently, printed in a typeface discernibly different from that used to report words spoken by members.

The Congressional Record is publicly available for records before 1875 via the Library of Congress' American Memory Century of Lawmaking website,[3] and since 1989 via Congress.gov (which replaced the THOMAS database in 2016).[4] Thanks to a partnership between GPO and the Library of Congress, digital versions of the bound editions are available on govinfo.gov for 1873 to 2001 (Volumes 1-147) and 2005 to 2015 (Volumes 151-161).[5] Govinfo.gov also provides access to digital versions of the daily edition from 1994 (Volume 140) to the present.[6]

History

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In early United States history, there was no record of Congressional debates. The contemporary British Parliament from which Congress drew its tradition was a highly secretive body, and publishing parliamentary proceedings in Britain did not become legal until 1771.[7] The Constitution, in Article I, Section 5, requires Congress to keep a journal of its proceedings, but both the House Journal and the Senate Journal include only a bare record of actions and votes rather than records of debates.[8] In the first twenty years, Congress made frequent use of secret sessions. Beginning with the War of 1812, public sessions became commonplace.[7]

In the early 1800s, political reporting was dominated by National Intelligencer, the first newspaper of Washington, D.C. Newspapers with reporters in the chamber regularly published floor statements in their reports. Joseph Gales and William Seaton, the editors of the Intelligencer, became regular fixtures in the House and Senate chambers.[9]

In 1824, Gales and Seaton began publishing the Register of Debates, the first series of publications containing congressional debates. The Register of Debates contains summaries of "leading debates and incidents" of the period rather than a verbatim debate transcript.[10] From 1834 to 1856, Gale and Seaton retroactively compiled the Annals of Congress, covering congressional debates from 1789 to 1824 using primarily newspaper accounts.[11]

When Andrew Jackson's Democrats came into power in congress around 1830, Gales and Seaton's popularity declined due to their differing views with the administration. The new printing partnership of Francis Preston Blair and John Cook Rives founded the Congressional Globe in 1833 with President Jackson's support. In 1837, Register of Debates ceased publication.[9]

In 1851, the Congressional Globe began publishing near-verbatim reports of debates thanks to the publication's heavy use of stenographers.[12][9]

The Congressional Record was first published in 1873.[3]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Congressional Glossary". The Center on Congress Indiana University Bloomington. Archived from the original on July 19, 2015. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
  2. ^ Jenks, Paul; Hall, Will; Peake, Dan (December 16, 2005). "On the Floor, In Congress". CongressLine. GalleryWatch. Archived from the original on July 21, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  3. ^ a b "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation". Library of Congress. May 1, 2003. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
  4. ^ "About the Congressional Record". Library of Congress. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  5. ^ "About the Congressional Record (Bound Edition)". U.S. Government Information. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  6. ^ "About the Congressional Record". U.S. Government Information. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  7. ^ a b Forte, David; Spalding, Matthew; Meese, Edwin (2014). The Heritage Guide to the Constitution: Fully Revised Second Edition (2nd ed.). Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781621573524.
  8. ^ Handler, Nicholas (May 2019). "Rediscovering the Journal Clause: The Lost History of Legislative Constitutional Interpretation". University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law. 21: 1255–1294.
  9. ^ a b c "U.S. Senate: Reporters of Debate and the Congressional Record". www.senate.gov. Retrieved November 16, 2023.
  10. ^ "Register of Debates | Debates of Congress | Articles and Essays | A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates 1774-1875 | Digital Collections | Library of Congress". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved November 16, 2023.
  11. ^ "Annals of Congress | Debates of Congress | Articles and Essays | A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates 1774-1875 | Digital Collections | Library of Congress". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved November 16, 2023.
  12. ^ "Congressional Globe | Debates of Congress | Articles and Essays | A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates 1774-1875 | Digital Collections | Library of Congress". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved November 16, 2023.
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