Extramarital sex is any act of copulation outside of marriage. Accordingly, these constitute sexual acts between two persons who are not married with each other. The term may also apply to a single person having sex with a married person.
Where extramarital sexual relations do not breach a sexual norm, it may be referred to as consensual non-monogamy (see also polyamory). Where extramarital sexual relations do breach a sexual norm, it may be referred to as adultery or non-monogamy (sexual acts between a married person and a person other than the legal spouse), fornication (sexual acts between unmarried people), bigamy, philandery, or infidelity. These varying terms imply both immoral or religious consequences, charged whether via civil law or religious law.
Prevalence
editAmerican researcher Alfred Kinsey found in his 1950-era studies that 50% of American males and 26% of females had extramarital sex, representing an estimated hundred million Americans.[1][2] Depending on studies, it was estimated that 26–50% of men and 21–38% of women,[3] or 22.7% of men and 11.6% of women had extramarital sex.[4] Other authors say that between 20% and 25% of Americans had sex with someone other than their spouse.[5] Durex's Global Sex Survey (2005) found that 44% of adults worldwide reported having had one-night extramarital sex and 22% had an affair.[6] According to a 2004 United States survey,[7] 16% of married partners have had extramarital sex, nearly twice as many men as women, while an additional 30% have fantasized about extramarital sex. According to a 2015 study by Durex and Match.com, Thailand and Denmark were the most adulterous countries based on the percentage of adults who admitted having an affair.[8][9] A 2016 study by the Institute for Family Studies in the US found that black Protestants had a higher rate of extramarital sex than Catholics.[10] The 2022 General Social Survey found that of Americans engaging in extramarital sex, 50% identified as Protestant and 16% as Catholic.[11]
A 2018 US study found that 53.5% of Americans who admitted having extramarital sex did so with someone they knew well, such as a close friend. About 29.4% were with someone who was somewhat well-known, such as a neighbor, co-worker or long-term acquaintance, and the rest were with casual acquaintances.[12] The study also found some gender differences, such as that men are more likely than women to hold more favorable attitudes about extramarital sex, and that among those who reported having extramarital sex in the past year, about 12% of men had paid for sex (or to have received payment for sex) compared to 1% for women.[12]
Other studies have shown rates of extramarital sex as low as 2.5%.[3]
Engagement in extramarital sex has been associated with individuals who have a higher libido (sex drive) than their partner.[13]
Research of Sub-Saharan African populations report that approximately 5% to 35% of men had extramarital relationships.[14]
Religious views
editJudaism
editThe Torah prescribes the death penalty through strangulation[15] for adultery, which is defined as sex with or by a female who is already married to another man. The Torah prescribes strict liability and punishment on the male, but liability and punishment on the female only if she was not raped (Leviticus 20:10). As a death penalty offence, two witnesses of good character had to testify in court for the case to be even considered by the judges against either or both the male and female. (Deuteronomy 19:15, and Mishnah Sanhedrin c.4)
Jewish law technically allowed men to have polygynous relationships (one man could have many wives) -although this was the very rare exception in practice, reserved only for kings, as well as for key biblical figures whose wives could not have children - so the marital status of the man was thus legally irrelevant. If a woman, however, is unmarried, a sexual relationship, though highly immoral and sinful from the religion's point of view, is not considered to be adultery, and therefore not punishable by death, but rather is considered fornication and punished by lashing.
Adultery provisions of the Mosaic law concerned itself with protecting the paternity of the potential offspring of husbands, so that the husband's family blood line is not adulterated and replaced with the genes of another male, thereby exterminating a husband's family's genetic lineage from that point onwards (genocide), which was a violation of the principal term of agreement and reason for entering a matrimonial contract with his wife, and a breach by a third party (the other man) of that same contract.
Any physical punishments for any offences (sins) were in effect at the times of Judges and the Holy Temple. In rabbinic Judaism, any physical punishment is prohibited by Judaism—as no proper judicial process can be provided until the Holy Temple is rebuilt by the Messiah.[16]
Christianity
editTraditionalist Christianity teaches that extramarital sex is both immoral and sinful by nature. Scriptural foundations for this Biblical teaching are cited as following:
Know ye not that the unrighteous shall not inherit the kingdom of God? Be not deceived: neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor effeminate (eunuchs and homosexuals), nor abusers of themselves with mankind, Nor thieves, nor covetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor extortioners, shall inherit the kingdom of God. — 1 Corinthians 6:9–10 (Latin Vulgate):
Accordingly, a Catholic wedding strictly teaches that a husband and wife publicly promise fidelity to each other until death, which is the sole reason for the dissolution of a Sacramental Marriage. Consequentially, both Adultery and Divorce contradicts this nuptial promise by breach made to the covenant of Holy Mother Church.
The Order of Waldensians were accused of expressing approval of adultery in certain rare circumstances.[17]
In contrast, some select modernist Protestant denominations, such as the Episcopalian sect today hold liberal and progressive views on extramarital sex and relations, adhering to their own personal interpretations of the Holy Bible and its relevancy to modern lifestyles.
Islam
editTraditional interpretations of Islamic law (or Sharia) prescribe severe punishments for zina, or extramarital sex, by both men and women. Premarital sex could be punished by up to 100 lashes, while adultery is punishable by stoning. The act of sexual penetration must, however, be attested by at least four male Muslim witnesses of good character, the accused has a right to testify in court, the suspect's word or testimony is required to hold the most weight in the eyes of the judge(s), punishments are reserved to the legal authorities and the law states that false accusations are to be punished severely.[18] The former regulations also make some Muslims believe, that the process's goal was to eventually abolish the physical penalties relating to acts of fornication and adultery that were already present within many societies around the world when Islamic teachings first arose. According to this view, the principles are so rigorous in their search for evidence, that they create the near impossibility of being able to reach a verdict that goes against the suspect in any manner.[19]
Hinduism
editHinduism condemns extramarital sex as sin.[20] According to the Hindu Dharmashastra texts, any sexual act outside of the accepted marriage, including physical, mental, and emotional adultery, are denounced. Various Hindu texts state the occurrences of Hindu gods engaging in extramarital sex. While these narratives state such situations to occur, research has noted that the term has been created by humans. This means that humans who hold Hindu beliefs should restrain from such acts.[21]
Law
editExtramarital sex is legal in most jurisdictions, but laws against adultery are more common. In the United States, for example, Virginia prosecuted John Bushey for adultery in 2004.[22] Other states allow jilted spouses to sue their ex-partners' lovers for alienation of affections.[22]
Extramarital sex is illegal in some Muslim-majority countries, including Saudi Arabia, Pakistan,[23] Afghanistan,[24][25][26] Egypt,[27] Iran,[26] Kuwait,[28] Maldives,[29] Morocco,[30] Oman,[31] Mauritania,[32] United Arab Emirates,[33][34] Qatar,[35] Sudan,[36] and Yemen.[37]
Attitudes toward extramarital sex
editA person's attitude towards extramarital sex is associated with their likelihood of engaging in extramarital sex.[38] While some extramarital sex is deceptive, other forms are open and spouses share an understanding of its engagement. Extramarital sex poses a problem to marriage when it violates expectations of fidelity.[39] The theory behind fidelity is thought to be a combination of moral standards and social exchange processes. The latter is based on the investment model of commitment and interdependence theory.[40]
Motivations
editMotivations behind the act of extramarital sex vary. Feelings can be more difficult to control than behavior. People may engage in the act due to feelings of dissatisfaction emotionally/physically in the marriage and imbalance in the relationship resource-wise. The intimacy vs passion argument provides reason such that it can revive passionate arousal. This contrasts to the marriage of the committed partner as they may feel they have them well understood, with little passion between them. However, an opportunity to engage in extramarital sex must also be present, where the risks are weighed less than the reasons to engage.[39]
Factors
editFactors that are negatively associated with a spouse engaging with extramarital sex are (1) strong moral standards, (2) considering the effect(s) on the children, (3) fundamental anxieties, specifically the fear of being alone, and (4) not wanting to hurt other people, specifically the extramarital partner. Of these factors, moral standards and fundamental anxieties are more likely to accurately gauge a spouse not pursuing extramarital sex.[40]
Gender Differences
editMen are noted to find sexual infidelity more hurtful than emotional infidelity.[39] In terms of behavior, men are more likely to report having extramarital sex. Possible explanations for this span from the evolutionary perspective which indicates that it is a genetic advantage for men to have multiple partners.[38]
While both men and women were equally likely to have extramarital sex with a close personal friend, a long-term acquaintance, or someone not within those categories, it was noticed that men are more likely to have a extramarital sex with a casual date or hook-up. Men were significantly more likely to report having paid for extramarital sex.[40]
Impacts
editThe identity of the extramarital sexual partner can impact the marriage of the partner who engaged in such behavior, thereby increasing the risk of destabilizing it. The gender of the spouse engaging in the extramarital sex does not matter – the resulting increased risk of disruption on the marriage is the same.[39] Relationships with an extramarital sexual partner who is a close friend as well as this behavior in general is associated with marriage dissolution.[41]
The damaging effect of extramarital sex on marriages is undeterred by the quality of the marriage, the length of the marriage, attitude toward divorce by the recipient spouse, advice from third parties, and the presence of children in the household. The effect on more religious couples is noted to be very strong as well, though if the wife is in the workforce the effect of extramarital sex on the marriage is noted to be weaker.[39]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Kahr, B. (2009). Who's Been Sleeping in Your Head: The Secret World of Sexual Fantasies. Basic Books. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-465-03767-4. Retrieved 2024-10-27.
- ^ The Kinsey Institute. Data from Alfred Kinsey's Studies Archived 2010-07-26 at the Wayback Machine. Published online.
- ^ a b Choi, K.H., Catania, J.A., & Dolcini, M.M. (1994). Extramarital sex and HIV risk behavior among U.S. adults: Results from the national AIDS behavioral survey. American Journal of Public Health, 84, 12, pp. 2003-2007.
- ^ Wiederman, M.W. (1997). Extramarital sex: prevalence and correlates in a national survey Archived 2007-11-12 at the Wayback Machine. Journal of Sex Research, 34, 2, pp. 167–175.
- ^ Atkins, D.C., Baucom, D.H. and Jacobson, N.S. (2001). Understanding Infidelity: Correlates in a National Random Sample. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 4, pp. 735-749
- ^ Durex. The Global Sex Survey 2005 Archived March 15, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Published online.
- ^ "American Sex Survey" (PDF). abcnews. 2004. p. 26. Retrieved 2009-09-04. Short Analysis here
- ^ "Infographic: The world's most adulterous countries". 18 February 2015.
- ^ "List of 10 Most Adulterous Countries in the World, #1 is a Very Religious Country". 22 February 2017.
- ^ "Extramarital Sex and Religion: Democrats vs. Republicans".
- ^ "Screenshot-20240318-161558 hosted at ImgBB".
- ^ a b According to research from the University of Colorado Boulder's Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, reported at Extramarital sex partners likely to be close friends, men more apt to cheat: study
- ^ 1997, Vulnerability to HIV infection and effects of AIDS in Africa and Asia/India - Page 47, James Ntozi
- ^ Stephenson, Rob (2010-12-01). "Community-level gender equity and extramarital sexual risk-taking among married men in eight African countries". International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 36 (4): 178–188. doi:10.1363/3617810. ISSN 1944-0405. PMC 3960719. PMID 21245024.
- ^ Mishnah Sanhedrin c.11, 1
- ^ Greengus, Samuel (2019-12-23). "Laws in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.159. ISBN 978-0-19-934037-8.
- ^ Bingham, J. (2006). The Antiquities of the Christian Church, 2 Volumes. Wipf & Stock Publishers. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-59752-471-1. Retrieved 2023-05-09.
- ^ Online Qur'an Project Chapter 24 Archived 29 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "ASMA SOCIETY - American Society for Muslim Advancement". asmasociety.org. Archived from the original on 2010-07-05.
- ^ "The Hindu Mind: Fundamentals of Hindu Religion and Philosophy for All Ages", by Bansi Pandit, p. 361, 2001.
- ^ Dwivedi, Amitabh Vikram (2022). "Adultery (Hinduism)". Hinduism and Tribal Religions. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 25–27. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1188-1_146. ISBN 978-94-024-1187-4.
- ^ a b Appel, Jacob M. (18 March 2010). "Hate the Husband? Sue the Mistress!". The Huffington Post.
- ^ Jordan, Mary (21 August 2008). "Searching for Freedom, Chained by the Law". The Washington Post. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
- ^ Ernesto Londoño (2012-09-09). "Afghanistan sees rise in 'dancing boys' exploitation". The Washington Post. DEHRAZI, Afghanistan. Archived from the original on 2013-05-10.
- ^ "Home". AIDSPortal. Archived from the original on 26 October 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
- ^ a b "Iran". Travel.state.gov. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
- ^ "ما هي عقوبة الزنا في القانون المصري؟". 24 May 2021.
- ^ "Summary record of the 488th meeting : Kuwait. 04/14/1999. CRC/C/SR.488. (Summary Record)". Geneva, Switzerland: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 2015-06-30. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Culture of Maldives". Every Culture. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
- ^ "Morocco: Should pre-marital sex be legal?". BBC News. 9 August 2012.
- ^ "Oman" (PDF). Legislation of Interpol member states on sexual offences against children. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-10-30 – via interpol.com.
- ^ "2010 Human Rights Report: Mauritania". State.gov. 8 April 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
- ^ "Education in Dubai". Dubaifaqs.com. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
- ^ Judd, Terri; Sajn, Nikolina (10 July 2008). "Briton faces jail for sex on Dubai beach". The Independent. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
- ^ ""Sex outside marriage is a criminal offense here," PH ambassador to Qatar warns Pinoys". SPOT.ph. 12 September 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
- ^ "Sudan must rewrite rape laws to protect victims". Reuters. 28 June 2007. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
- ^ "Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa – Yemen". Unhcr.org. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
- ^ a b Labrecque, Lindsay T.; Whisman, Mark A. (October 2017). "Attitudes toward and prevalence of extramarital sex and descriptions of extramarital partners in the 21st century". Journal of Family Psychology. 31 (7): 952–957. doi:10.1037/fam0000280. ISSN 1939-1293. PMID 28517944. S2CID 46711653.
- ^ a b c d e DeMaris, Alfred (2013-01-04). "Burning the Candle at Both Ends". Journal of Family Issues. 34 (11): 1474–1499. doi:10.1177/0192513x12470833. ISSN 0192-513X. PMC 3951093. PMID 24634559.
- ^ a b c Ziv, Ido; Lubin, Or Ben-Haim; Asher, Sapir (2017-07-28). ""I Swear I Will Never Betray You": Factors Reported by Spouses as Helping Them Resist Extramarital Sex in Relation to Gender, Marriage Length, and Religiosity". The Journal of Sex Research. 55 (2): 236–251. doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1347602. ISSN 0022-4499. PMID 28753393. S2CID 29428986.
- ^ Labrecque, Lindsay T.; Whisman, Mark A. (September 2020). "Extramarital Sex and Marital Dissolution: Does Identity of the Extramarital Partner Matter?". Family Process. 59 (3): 1308–1318. doi:10.1111/famp.12472. ISSN 0014-7370. PMID 31290150. S2CID 195871026.