Ezekiel 48 is the forty-eighth (and the last) chapter of the Book of Ezekiel in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.[1][2] This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet/priest Ezekiel,[3] and is one of the Books of the Prophets.[4] Chapters 40-48 give the ideal picture of a new temple. The Jerusalem Bible refers to this section as "the Torah of Ezekiel".[5]
| Ezekiel 48 | |
|---|---|
Daniel 1 → | |
 Book of Ezekiel 30:13–18 in an English manuscript from early 13th century, MS. Bodl. Or. 62, fol. 59a. A Latin translation appears in the margins with further interlineations above the Hebrew. | |
| Book | Book of Ezekiel |
| Hebrew Bible part | Nevi'im |
| Order in the Hebrew part | 7 |
| Category | Latter Prophets |
| Christian Bible part | Old Testament |
| Order in the Christian part | 26 |
This chapter contains Ezekiel's vision of the land allocated to the twelve tribes (Ezekiel 48:1-7 and 23–29), the sanctuary (verses 8–14), the city and its suburbs (verses 15–20), the prince (verses 21–22) and the dimensions and gates of the city (verses 30–35).[6] The vision was given on the 25th anniversary of Ezekiel's exile, "April 28, 573 BCE",[7] 14 years after the fall of Jerusalem and 12 years after the last messages of hope in chapter 39.[8]
Text
editThe original text was written in the Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 35 verses.
Textual witnesses
edit
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008).[9]
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BC. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; Q; 6th century).[10][a]
Structure
editThe New King James Version divides this chapter into two sections:
- Ezekiel 48:1–29 = Division of the Land
- Ezekiel 48:30–35 = The Gates of the City and its Name
The northern tribes (48:1–7)
edit
This section deals with the allotments of the land north of Jerusalem, as the land is divided by borders running east to west into parallel strips of unspecified width.[12] The distribution is different from the earlier portions of the tribes of Israel, which were named after the sons of Jacob (Genesis 35:22–26 also called "Israel") and his two grandsons, the sons of Joseph (cf. Ezekiel 47:13).[12]
Verse 1
edit- Now these are the names of the tribes: From the northern border along the road to Hethlon at the entrance of Hamath, to Hazar Enan, the border of Damascus northward, in the direction of Hamath, there shall be one section for Dan from its east to its west side.[13]
Hethlon has been identified as modern Heitela in Syria,[14] although theologian Tremper Longman claimed recently that its exact location is still unknown.[15]
The tribe of Joseph receives two portions, while the priestly tribe of Levi receives none, maintaining a total allotment of twelve.[16][17]
The central strip (48:8–22)
editThis part gives more details on the piece of land described in Ezekiel 45:1–8, which consists of the sacred reserve, the city reserve and the prince's allotment.[18]
The southern tribes (48:23–29)
editThe distribution of the land follows the style of verses 1–7 for the areas south of the central strip, with the tribe of Gad receiving the southernmost allotment, whereas formerly only the portions of the tribes of Judah and Simeon lay south of Jerusalem.[19] The section has a proper conclusion in verse 29.[19]
The new Jerusalem (48:30–35)
editThe last section of the book records the vision of the "structure like a city" seen by Ezekiel in Ezekiel 40:2.[20] These verses apparently are added from a different source, focusing the city gates on each of the four sides, and each gate is named after a certain tribe (cf. Revelation 21:12f) to complete 'a picture of perfect order and harmony'.[19] This new city is different from the Jerusalem in history, because the gates of the post-exilic Jerusalem in Nehemiah time were carefully noted, yet none was named after the tribes (cf. Nehemiah 3), although in the pre-exilic period there were a Benjamin gate and an Ephraim gate (Jeremiah 37:13; 2 Kings 14:13), but both were on the north side, not the east side, of the city.[20] Also, in the new city, Levi stands as one of the twelve tribes with its own gate, whereas Ephraim and Manasseh are represented by a single "Joseph" gate.[20] The order of gate naming seems to have its own logic, with the children of Leah on the north (Judah, Levi and Ruben) and south sides (Simeon, Issachar and Zebulun), the children of Rachel on the east side (Joseph and Benjamin, together with Dan, the eldest son of Bilhah, Rachel's handmaid) and the remaining children of the concubines (Gad, Asher and Naphtali) grouped together on the west.[20] The arrangement recalls the order of tribal camps surrounding the tabernacle, three on each of the four sides (Numbers 2), that brings the clear idea of "diverse but united people organized around a sacred point of reference," that is "the divine presence in its midst".[21]
Verse 35
edit- "All the way around shall be eighteen thousand cubits; and the name of the city from that day shall be: THE LORD IS THERE."[22]
- "18000 cubits": about 6 miles (9 km).[19]
- "THE LORD IS THERE": (Hebrew: יהוה ׀ שמה Yah-weh shām-māh), the new name of the city (Isaiah 1:26; Isaiah 60:14; Isaiah 62:2; Jeremiah 3:17; Jeremiah 33:15–16; Zechariah 8:3; Revelation 21:12–14).[16][23] The city is not named until it is given this designation in the final verse of the book.
See also
edit- Great Sea
- Hamath
- Hazar Enan
- Hethlon
- Israel
- Kadesh
- Meribah
- Negev
- New Jerusalem Dead Sea Scroll
- Third Temple
- Tribe of Asher
- Tribe of Benjamin
- Tribe of Dan
- Tribe of Gad
- Tribe of Ephraim
- Tribe of Issachar
- Tribe of Joseph
- Tribe of Judah
- Tribe of Levi
- Tribe of Manasseh
- Tribe of Naphtali
- Tribe of Reuben
- Tribe of Simeon
- Tribe of Zebulon
- Zadok
- Related Bible parts: Isaiah 1, Isaiah 60, Isaiah 62, Jeremiah 3, Jeremiah 33, Zechariah 8, Ezekiel 10, Ezekiel 47, Revelation 21, Revelation 22
Notes
edit- ^ Ezekiel is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.[11]
References
edit- ^ Halley, Henry H. Halley's Bible Handbook: an Abbreviated Bible Commentary. 23rd edition. Zondervan Publishing House. 1962.
- ^ Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook. Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee. 2012.
- ^ Galambush, S., Ezekiel in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary Archived 2017-11-22 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 534
- ^ J. D. Davis. 1960. A Dictionary of the Bible. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House.
- ^ Jerusalem Bible (1966), Sub-heading for chapters 40-48 and footnote a at chapter 40
- ^ Robert Jamieson, Andrew Robert Fausset; David Brown. Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary on the Whole Bible. 1871.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Coogan 2007, p. 1240 Hebrew Bible.
- ^ The Nelson Study Bible 1997, p. 1399.
- ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
- ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
- ^ Shepherd, Michael (2018). A Commentary on the Book of the Twelve: The Minor Prophets. Kregel Exegetical Library. Kregel Academic. p. 13. ISBN 978-0825444593.
- ^ a b Carley 1974, p. 316.
- ^ Ezekiel 48:1 NKJV
- ^ The Illustrated Bible Dictionary Volume 2 page 646 ISBN 978-0-85110-628-1
- ^ Tremper Longman (1 August 2013). The Baker Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Baker Books. p. 1320. ISBN 978-1-4412-3886-3.
- ^ a b Coogan 2007, p. 1251 Hebrew Bible.
- ^ The Nelson Study Bible 1997, p. 1412.
- ^ Carley 1974, p. 319.
- ^ a b c d Carley 1974, p. 320.
- ^ a b c d Blenkinsopp 2012, p. 238.
- ^ Blenkinsopp 2012, pp. 238–239.
- ^ Ezekiel 48:35 NKJV
- ^ The Nelson Study Bible 1997, p. 1414.
Sources
edit- Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2012). Ezekiel: Interpretation: A Bible Commentary for Teaching and Preaching. Presbyterian Publishing Corporation. ISBN 9781611641738.
- Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995). International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: vol. iv, Q-Z. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837844.
- Brown, Francis; Briggs, Charles A.; Driver, S. R. (1994). The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon (reprint ed.). Hendrickson Publishers. ISBN 978-1565632066.
- Carley, Keith W. (1974). The Book of the Prophet Ezekiel. Cambridge Bible Commentaries on the New English Bible (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521097550.
- Clements, Ronald E (1996). Ezekiel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664252724.
- Coogan, Michael David (2007). Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 (Augmented 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195288810.
- Galambush, J. (2007). "25. Ezekiel". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 533–562. ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
- Gesenius, H. W. F. (1979). Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures: Numerically Coded to Strong's Exhaustive Concordance, with an English Index. Translated by Tregelles, Samuel Prideaux (7th ed.). Baker Book House.
- Joyce, Paul M. (2009). Ezekiel: A Commentary. Continuum. ISBN 9780567483614.
- The Nelson Study Bible. Thomas Nelson, Inc. 1997. ISBN 9780840715999.
- Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.