Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages

Esmeralda–Yaruro or Takame–Jarúroan, is a proposed connection between two unclassified languages of Venezuela and Ecuador: Yaruro (Llaruro, Pumé, Yuapín), 6000 speakers, and the extinct Esmeralda (Esmeraldeño, Takame). They would be only distantly related, but Kaufman (1990) finds the connection convincing, and Campbell (2012) believes the connection is promising.[1]

Esmeralda–Yaruro
(proposed)
Geographic
distribution
Venezuela
Linguistic classificationProposed language family
Subdivisions
Language codes
GlottologNone

Vocabulary

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Below is a comparison of selected basic vocabulary items in Esmeralda and Yaruro.

gloss Esmeralda[2] Yaruro[3]
hair rarapo kü̃́
eye mula dachó
nose ra-ausa (my) ĩbupuȩ́
tooth ra-ha, ra-ka jõdȩ́
mouth bassa dyá
hand disa (my) ichí
foot taha
blood kar(k)a gué
bone mu-kilsa
person ilon o̧ãĩ́
name chinto kẽ́
dog kine (a)oré
fish ki chṍ
tree tá(k)te
leaf rampide (?) to pjü̃dá
water uivi, úvoi
fire muka (with) kjõdȩ́
earth dó; dula dabú
road dire nṍ
eat enima jurá
die ubale, ybale (dead) jãbó

References

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  1. ^ Campbell, Lyle (2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166. ISBN 978-3-11-025513-3.
  2. ^ Jijón y Caamaño, Jacinto. 1941. El Ecuador interandino y occidental antes de la conquista castellana, vol. 2. Quito: Editorial Ecuatoriana
  3. ^ Mosonyi, Esteban Emilio and Jorge Ramón García. 2000. Yaruro (Pumé). In Mosonyi, Esteban Emilio and Jorge Carlos Mosonyi (eds.), Manual de Lenguas Indígenas de Venezuela, 544-593. Caracas: Fundación Bigott.
  • Kaufman, Terrence (1990). "Language History in South America: What we know and how to know more". In Doris L. Payne (ed.). Amazonian Linguistics. Austin: University of Texas Press.