Onavo, Inc.[1] was an Israeli mobile web analytics company that was purchased by Facebook, Inc. (now Meta Platforms), who changed the company's name to Facebook Israel.[2] The company primarily performed its activities via consumer mobile apps, including the virtual private network (VPN) service Onavo Protect, which analysed web traffic sent through the VPN to provide statistics on the usage of other apps.
 | |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
|---|---|
| Industry | Software |
| Founded | 2010 |
| Founders |
|
| Defunct | 2019 |
| Headquarters | |
| Products |
|
| Services | Onavo Insights |
| Parent | Facebook, Inc. |
| Website | onavo |
Guy Rosen and Roi Tiger founded Onavo in 2010. In October 2013, Onavo was acquired by Facebook, which used Onavo's analytics platform to monitor competitors. This influenced Facebook to make various business decisions, including its 2014 acquisition of WhatsApp.
Since the acquisition, Onavo was frequently classified as being spyware, as the VPN was used to monetize application usage data collected within an allegedly privacy-focused environment. In August 2018, Facebook pulled Onavo Protect from the iOS App Store due to violations of Apple's policy forbidding apps from collecting data on the usage of other apps. In February 2019, in response to criticism over a Facebook market research program employing similar techniques (including, in particular, being targeted towards teens), Onavo announced that it would close the Android version of Protect as well.
History
editOnavo was founded in 2010 by Roi Tiger and Guy Rosen.[3] Onavo won multiple awards in 2011. The company received first prize at the Mobile Beat 2011 conference hosted by VentureBeat,[4] and the award for most innovative app at the 2011 International Startup Festival, as well as being selected as the "Best Mobile Startup" by The Next Web.[5][6]
Onavo had two rounds of funding: the first was a Series A investment for $3 million from Magma Venture Partners and Sequoia Capital in May 2011.[7] The second was a Series B investment of $13 million from Magma Ventures, Sequoia Capital, and Horizons Ventures. Onavo's sale to Facebook is one of the top exits for Magma Venture Partners and other Israeli venture capital firms.[8]
On October 13, 2013, Facebook bought Onavo for approximately $120 million.[9][10][11]
In March 2014, Adi Soffer Teeni was appointed CEO of Facebook Israel.
In an email dated June 9, 2016, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg directed engineers at Facebook to find a method of obtaining "reliable analytics" about Snapchat, which he noted that Facebook lacked due to Snapchat's network traffic being encrypted.[12] The solution Facebook engineers proposed to Zuckerberg's directive was to use Onavo, which allowed the company to read network traffic on a device prior to its being encrypted, thereby giving the company the ability "to measure detailed in-app activity" and to collect analytics on Snapchat app usage from devices on which Onavo was installed.[12] It did this by creating "fake digital certificates to impersonate trusted Snapchat, YouTube, and Amazon analytics servers to redirect and decrypt secure traffic from those apps for Facebook’s strategic analysis."[13] The program, which was named "Project Ghostbusters" in reference to Snapchat's ghost-shaped logo, was later expanded to include Amazon and YouTube.[12]
In February 2018, it was reported that Facebook had begun to include advertising for the Onavo Protect app within the Facebook app for iOS users in the United States. This led to denouncements of the app by media outlets, who classified Onavo as spyware because it is used by Facebook to monetize usage habits within a privacy-focused environment, and because the app listing did not contain a prominent disclosure of Facebook's ownership.[14][15][16] The app's listings were later amended to disclaim that Onavo Protect may collect information on app and website usage to improve Facebook products and services.[17][18]
In August 2018, Facebook pulled Onavo Protect from the iOS App Store after pressure by Apple, who declared it a violation of guidelines barring apps from harvesting data from other apps on a user's device.[25]
On February 21, 2019, in the wake of renewed controversy over the service due to the related Facebook Research program, Facebook announced that it would sunset Onavo Protect VPN and pull its app from Google Play Store. Effective immediately, the service ceased collecting personal data.[26]
The Australian Competition & Consumer Commission (ACCC) initiated legal proceedings against Facebook on December 16, 2020, alleging that Facebook engaged in "false, misleading or deceptive conduct" by using personal data collected from Onavo "for its own commercial purposes" contrary to Onavo's privacy-oriented marketing. Facebook responded that it was "always clear about the information we collect and how it is used", and would defend itself in court.[27][28] In July 2023 Australia's Federal Court ordered Facebook's owner to pay A$20 million for failing to disclose how Onavo would be used to collect data, as well as A$400,000 to cover the ACCC's legal fees.[29]
In 2016, Jordana Cutler, who had previously served as the director of Ambassador Ron Dermer's office and as an advisor to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, was appointed as Public Policy Director for Facebook Israel.[30]
In September 2016, Israel's Minister of Justice Ayelet Shaked and Minister of Internal Security Gilad Erdan introduced a bill aimed at curbing online incitement and hate speech, imposing restrictions on the dissemination of illegal and offensive content on the Internet and social media platforms. Dubbed the "Facebook Law" by the media, the proposal garnered widespread support within the government. Between 2016 and 2018, it passed through various stages of approval: first gaining endorsement from the Ministerial Committee for Legislation, then advancing through preliminary and first readings in the Knesset Plenum, making it eligible for consideration in the Constitution, Law and Justice Committee. In July 2018, the committee greenlit the bill for its second and third readings, setting the stage for final ratification by the Knesset plenary. However, at the eleventh hour, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu unexpectedly intervened to halt the process.[31] In response, Nissan Slomiansky, chairman of the Constitution, Law, and Justice Committee, asserted that the sudden reversal was prompted by pressure from "large forces" with vested interests.[32] Media reports speculated that Jordana Cutler, Netanyahu's former advisor who serves as Facebook's Public Policy Director in Israel, played a pivotal role in influencing the Prime Minister's decision to block the legislation.[33] Lawyer Itai Leshem, claimed during his campaign in the 2024 Israeli Labor Party leadership election, that this was part of an ongoing alleged bribe between PM Netanyahu and Facebook.[34][35][36]
Products
editOnavo maintained consumer-oriented utility apps, including Onavo Count, which tracked bandwidth usage by apps, as well as Onavo Extend and Onavo Protect, which were VPN services for data compression and security, respectively.[40]
In 2013, the company launched Onavo Insights, a mobile analytics platform that tracked the market share and active usage of apps using data obtained from Onavo's consumer apps.[38] In 2016, CEO Mark Zuckerberg tasked Facebook employees with developing a means to decrypt the network traffic of the video sharing app Snapchat for analytics purposes, citing "how quickly they're growing". A method of intercepting the traffic was developed and proposed by the Onavo team; Facebook internally referred to its analytics scheme as "Project Ghostbusters"—an allusion to Snapchat's logo and the film franchise.[41][42]
In August 2017, The Wall Street Journal reported that since the acquisition of Onavo by Facebook, the company had been using the company's data to monitor Snapchat and other startups that are performing "unusually well". This data influenced Facebook to acquire WhatsApp in 2014, and plan a video chat app to rival Houseparty in 2017.[43][44][45]
Facebook Research
editOn January 29, 2019, TechCrunch published a report detailing "Project Atlas"—an internal market research program employed by Facebook since 2016. It invited users between the ages of 13 and 35 to install the Facebook Research app—allegedly a rebranded version of Onavo Protect—on their device, to collect data on their app usage, web browsing history, web search history, location history, personal messages, photos, videos, emails, and Amazon order history. Participants received up to $20 per-month to participate in the program, which was promoted to teenagers via targeted advertising on Instagram and Snapchat. Facebook Research is administered by third-party beta testing services, including Applause and BetaBound, and requires users to install a Facebook root certificate on their phone. On iOS, this is prohibited by Apple's Enterprise Developer License Agreement, as the methods used are intended solely for use by a company's employees (for use cases such as internal software specific to their environment, and internal pre-release versions of apps).[10][46]
Responses
editFacebook initially responded by claiming that Facebook Research did not violate Apple's developer license agreement, and denied that the program was intended to bypass the rules that banned Onavo Protect from the iOS App Store, nor was intended to replace Onavo. Facebook later announced that it would discontinue the Facebook Research program on iOS. Facebook Research remains available for Android devices.[47][10]
On January 30, 2019, Apple revoked Facebook's Enterprise Developer Program certificates, which caused all of the company's internal iOS apps (including beta versions of its public software, as well as internal apps relating to Facebook's workplace) to become inoperable.[48][49] Apple's public relations team stated that "Facebook has been using their membership to distribute a data-collecting app to consumers, which is a clear breach of their agreement with Apple", and that the certificates were revoked "to protect our users and their data".[48] Apple reinstated the certificates on January 31.[50]
Of particular concern was that users as young as 13 were allowed to participate in the program. Connecticut Senator Richard Blumenthal criticized Facebook Research, stating "wiretapping teens is not research, and it should never be permissible. This is yet another astonishing example of Facebook’s complete disregard for data privacy and eagerness to engage in anti-competitive behavior."[51][52] Massachusetts Senator Ed Markey announced that he would introduce a bill to strengthen the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), and said that it "is inherently manipulative to offer teens money in exchange for their personal information when younger users don’t have a clear understanding how much data they're handing over and how sensitive it is."[51][52] Virginia Senator Mark Warner published an open letter to Mark Zuckerberg, in which he declared that he was "working on legislation to require individualized, informed consent in all instances of behavioral and market research conducted by large platforms on users".[51]
Facebook Study
editAfter discontinuing Onavo Protect and Facebook Research, Facebook released a market research app named Facebook Study (also known as Study or Study from Facebook) on June 11, 2019. Access to Study is restricted to Facebook users who are at least 18 years old. Addressing concerns with previous incarnations of the research app, Study does not use a VPN or a root certificate to conduct its data collection. Study participants are paid through PayPal.[53][54]
Litigation
editIn 2020, a class-action lawsuit was filed on behalf of Facebook users, alleging that the company "exploited the rich data it deceptively extracted from its users to identify nascent competitors and then 'acquire, copy, or kill' these firms".[55]
References
edit- ^ "Onavo, Inc". OpenCorporates. February 13, 2012. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
- ^ Facebook Israel LTD
- ^ Goldenberg, Roy (December 24, 2015). "The Israeli bringing Facebook next billion users - Globes". Globes. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
- ^ Hardawar, Devindra (January 24, 2012). "Mobile data shrinking app Onavo raises $10M, working on compression for Android". Venture Beat.
- ^ "Meet Onavo, crunching mobile data to save you money [Video Interview] #TNW2011". The Next Web. April 29, 2011.
- ^ "And The Next Web Startup Rally Winner is…SILK #TNW2011". The Next Web. April 29, 2011.
- ^ Parag, Noa (May 18, 2011). "Data shrinking co Onavo raises $3m in first round - Globes". Globes. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
- ^ Goldenberg, Roy (January 5, 2015). "Israeli VC raises $855m in new funds in 6 months". Globes.
- ^ Lunden, Ingrid (October 13, 2013). "Facebook Buys Mobile Data Analytics Company Onavo, Reportedly For Up To $200M… And (Finally?) Gets Its Office In Israel". TechCrunch.
- ^ a b c Constine, John (January 29, 2019). "Facebook pays teens to install VPN that spies on them". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
- ^ Rosen, Guy (November 7, 2013). "We are joining the Facebook team". Onavo Blog. Archived from the original on November 7, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
- ^ a b c Franceschi-Bicchierai, Lorenzo (March 26, 2024). "Facebook snooped on users' Snapchat traffic in secret project, documents reveal". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on March 26, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
- ^ Belanger, Ashley (March 27, 2024). "Facebook secretly spied on Snapchat usage to confuse advertisers, court docs say". Ars Technica.
- ^ Perez, Sarah. "Facebook is pushing its data-tracking Onavo VPN within its main mobile app". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
- ^ a b "Facebook's New 'Onavo Protect' VPN is a Spyware App". ExtremeTech. February 14, 2018. Archived from the original on August 28, 2018. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
- ^ "Facebook's Protect security feature is essentially Spyware". IT PRO. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
- ^ Palladino, Valentina (August 23, 2018). "Facebook violates Apple's data-gathering rules, pulls VPN from App Store". Ars Technica. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
- ^ Wagonseil, Paul (August 23, 2018). "Apple Boots Facebook's Nosy VPN Out of App Store". Tom's Guide. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
- ^ "Apple removed Facebook's Onavo from the App Store for gathering app data". TechCrunch. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
- ^ "Facebook will pull its data-collecting VPN app from the App Store over privacy concerns". The Verge. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
- ^ Grothaus, Michael (August 23, 2018). "Apple makes Facebook pull its spyware(ish) VPN from the App Store". Fast Company. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
- ^ McKay, Tom (August 22, 2018). "Facebook Pulls Its Data-Harvesting Onavo VPN From App Store After Apple Says It Violates Rules". Gizmodo. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
- ^ Miller, Chance (August 22, 2018). "At Apple's request, Facebook is removing its spyware-like Onavo VPN app from the App Store". 9to5Mac. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
- ^ Morse, Jack (August 22, 2018). "Facebook to pull its creepy VPN Onavo from App Store after Apple pushback". Mashable. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
- ^ [19][20][21][22][23][24]
- ^ "Facebook will shut down its spyware VPN app Onavo". TechCrunch. February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 22, 2019.
- ^ Spadafora, Anthony (December 16, 2020). "Facebook sued for using VPN to spy on users". TechRadar. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ Duckett, Chris (December 16, 2020). "Facebook dragged to court by ACCC over deceptive VPN conduct allegations". ZDNet. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ Kaye, Byron (July 26, 2023). "Australia fines Facebook owner Meta $14 million for undisclosed data collection". Reuters. Retrieved March 27, 2024.
- ^ Facebook's new weapon: former Netanyahu advisor appointed as director of government relations, on Calcalist
- ^ Netanyahu Pulls the Plug on Law to Fight Facebook 'Incitement', on Calcalist
- ^ 'Facebook Law balances security and free speech', on Arutz Sheva
- ^ Back to Netanyahu's inner circle: Jordana Cutler expected to be appointed by Ron Dermer as Ministry of Stragic Affairs' director, on TheMarker
- ^ Itai Leshem runs for Havoda chair, in Labor's Bama Raayonit website.
- ^ Itai Leshem, on Twitter.
- ^ Itai Leshem: I have evidence proving Facebook colluded with Netanyahu to tilt Israeli elections., on Medium.
- ^ "Data hungry apps revealed with Onavo Count, free usage tracker for iOS". Engadget. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
- ^ a b Cutler, Kim-Mai. "Finally, A Quantcast For Mobile Apps? Onavo Launches Insights". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
- ^ "Onavo Extend helps you use less data on Android". CNET. August 30, 2012. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
- ^ [37][38][39][15]
- ^ Franceschi-Bicchierai, Lorenzo (March 26, 2024). "Facebook snooped on users' Snapchat traffic in secret project, documents reveal". TechCrunch. Retrieved March 31, 2024.
- ^ Council, Stephen. "Project 'Ghostbusters': Facebook secretly spied on Snapchat data, docs allege". SFGATE. Retrieved March 31, 2024.
- ^ Morris, Betsy; Seetharaman, Deepa (August 9, 2017). "The New Copycats: How Facebook Squashes Competition From Startups". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
- ^ "The New Copycats: How Facebook Squashes -2-". Fox Business. August 9, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
- ^ "Facebook knew about Snap's struggles months before the public". Engadget. August 13, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
- ^ Wagner, Kurt (January 30, 2019). "Apple says it's banning Facebook's research app that collects users' personal information". Recode. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
- ^ Newton, Casey (January 30, 2019). "Facebook will shut down its controversial market research app for iOS". The Verge. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
- ^ a b Wagner, Kurt (January 30, 2019). "Apple says it's banning Facebook's research app that collects users' personal information". Recode. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
- ^ Warren, Tom (January 30, 2019). "Apple blocks Facebook from running its internal iOS apps". The Verge. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
- ^ Isaac, Mike (January 31, 2019). "Apple Shows Facebook Who Has the Power in an App Dispute". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
- ^ a b c Constine, Josh (January 30, 2019). "Senator Warner calls on Zuckerberg to support market research consent rules". TechCrunch. Retrieved January 31, 2019.
- ^ a b Lapowsky, Issie (January 30, 2019). "By Defying Apple's Rules, Facebook Shows It Never Learns". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved January 31, 2019 – via www.wired.com.
- ^ Rodriguez, Salvador (June 11, 2019). "Facebook will once again pay users to install an app that tracks their app usage". CNBC. Retrieved July 27, 2019.
- ^ Constine, Josh (June 11, 2019). "Facebook's new Study app pays adults for data after teen scandal". TechCrunch. Retrieved July 27, 2019.
- ^ Monti, Ashley (December 7, 2020). "Class-action lawsuit against Facebook alleges anticompetitive behavior". Jurist. Archived from the original on December 8, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2024.