Fabian Gotthard von Steinheil (Russian: Фадде́й Фёдорович Ште́йнгель, tr. Faddéy Fyódorovich Shtéyngelʹ; 3 October 1762[1] – 7 March 1831[2]) was a Baltic German who served as a Russian military officer and the Governor-General of Finland between 1810 and 1824.
Fabian Gotthard von Steinheil | |
|---|---|
 Portrait by George Dawe | |
| Other name(s) | Faddey Fyodorovich Steinheil |
| Born | 3 October 1762 Hapsal (now Lääne County, Estonia) |
| Died | 7 March 1831 Helsingfors, Grand Duchy of Finland |
| Allegiance | Russian Empire |
| Rank | General |
| Commands | Imperial Russian Army |
| Battles / wars | Russo-Swedish War (1788–90) Napoleonic Wars |
Steinheil was born in Hapsal, Estonia.[3] His father's family was from region of Upper Rhine in Germany (where they had been burghers and officials of their hometowns); and his mother was from a cadet branch of the ancient Baltic House of Tiesenhausen, daughter of nobleman Frommhold Fabian Tiesenhausen,[4] lord of Orina in Estonia. Stenheil's uncle and father had received a baronial title from the imperial authorities.
Fabian von Steinheil became a lieutenant in the Imperial Russian Army in 1782.[5] He took part in the war in Finland in 1788 and in 1791-92 he worked with construction of fortifications in Old Finland, after which he served in military cartography.
He became a Major General in 1798 and took part in the campaigns in Prussia in 1806-1807 and Poland in 1805-1807. He became a Lieutenant General in 1807 and commanded the Russian troops on Åland in 1809 during the Finnish War.[6]
In 1810 he was appointed as the Governor-General of Finland, to succeed Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly.[7] He was well regarded by the Finnish population[citation needed] and was made a count in 1812.[8] In 1812 he was defeated at Mesoten, but then fought under the prolific General Wittgenstein at Polotsk. In 1813 he took part in the war against Napoleon as the commander of an army in Courland and Livonia, and was succeeded as Governor-General by the influential Count Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt. However, due to Armfelt's fragile health, Steinheil soon returned to the post of Governor-General which he held to 1823, being then succeeded by Count Arseniy Zakrevskiy.[9]
He remained in Finland and died in Helsingfors in 1831.[2]
Honours and awards
edit- Knight of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky[10]
- Order of Saint Anna, 1st class[10]
- Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd class[10]
- Gold Sword for Bravery[10]
- Order of St. George, 3rd class[10]
- Order of St. George, 4th class
- Order of the Red Eagle 1st Class[10]
- Honorary Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences[11]
References
edit- ^ Россійскій архив (in Russian). Студия Тритэ. 1996. p. 310. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
- ^ a b "Steinheil, Fabian* Gotthard Frh., seit 1812 Gf. v. (1762-1831)". bbld.de. Baltisches Biografisches Lexikon.
- ^ "STEINHEIL, Fabian". www.blf.fi. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
- ^ Carpelan, Tor (1942). Ättartavlor för de på Finlands riddarhus inskrivna efter 1809 adlade, naturaliserade eller adopterade étterna (in Swedish). Frenckellska tr. p. 283. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
- ^ Wasastjerna, Oskar (1880). Ättar-taflor öfver den på Finlands riddarhus introducerade adeln: Supplement band (in Swedish). Söderströms tryckeri. p. 508. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
- ^ Biografinen nimikirja: Elämäkertoja Suomen entisiltä ja nykyajoilta (in Finnish). Suomen Historiallinen Seura. 1883. p. 644. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
- ^ Bergholm, Axel (1912). Keisarillisen Suomen Hallituskonseljin ja Senaatin puheenjohtajat, jäsenet ja virkamiehet 1809-1909: biograafisia tietoja (in Finnish). Werner Söderström. p. 3. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
- ^ The Titled Nobility of Europe: An International Peerage, Or "Who's Who", of the Sovereigns, Princes and Nobles of Europe. Harrison & Sons. 1914. p. 1399. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
- ^ Nesemann, Frank (1 January 2011). "A Special Baltic German Understanding about Finland's Autonomy in the Russian Empire? Count Fabian Steinheil as the Governor-General of the Grand Duchy of Finland (1810–1823)". Forgotten Pages in Baltic History. Brill. p. 9. ISBN 978-90-420-3316-0. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f "Словарь русских генералов". www.museum.ru. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
- ^ "Штейнгель Ф.Ф. - Общая информация". www.ras.ru. Retrieved 20 May 2024.