Tiarella, the foamflowers, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Saxifragaceae.[3][4] The generic name Tiarella means "little turban", which suggests the shape of the seed capsules.[5] Worldwide there are seven species, one each in eastern Asia and western North America, plus five species in eastern North America. As of October 2022[update], the taxonomy of Tiarella in eastern North America is in flux.
| Tiarella | |
|---|---|
| |
| Tiarella cordifolia sensu stricto Orange County, NC USA (21 April) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Saxifragales |
| Family: | Saxifragaceae |
| Genus: | Tiarella L. |
| Type species | |
| Tiarella cordifolia | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
| |
Description
edit
Plants of genus Tiarella are perennial, herbaceous plants with short, slender rhizomes.[4] Three morphological features are used to distinguish Tiarella species: 1) presence or absence of stolons; 2) size and shape of basal leaves; and 3) presence or absence of stem leaves (also called cauline leaves). Two species of Tiarella have stolons (T. austrina, T. stolonifera) while two other species have stem leaves (T. nautila, T. austrina). Plants from the southern Blue Ridge Mountains and southward have relatively large basal leaves with an extended terminal lobe (T. austrina, T. nautila, T. wherryi).[6]
The following identification key was published by Guy Nesom in 2021:[6]
| Identification Key | |
|---|---|
1a. Inflorescence a narrow panicle or thyrse (branches with 2–5 flowers), usually with a single axis; petals linear to subulate; styles 2–3 mm long; leaves simple to trifoliolate; western North America
|
T. trifoliata |
1b. Inflorescence a raceme (branches usually with 1 flower), axis usually single but sometimes branched; petals absent or else present and oblanceolate to elliptic; styles 1 mm or less long; leaves simple; Asia or eastern North America
|
2 |
2a. Petals absent; Asia |
T. polyphylla |
2b. Petals present; eastern North America |
3 |
3a. Plants always with herbaceous, leafy stolons |
4 |
4a. Leaves usually with obtuse to rounded lobes, terminal lobe not prominently extended; flowering stem very rarely with a small bract; sepals 2.5–3.5 mm long |
T. stolonifera |
4b. Leaves usually with acute-acuminate lobes, terminal lobe prominently extended; flowering stem usually with 1–2 leaves or foliaceous bracts; sepals 1.5–2 mm long |
T. austrina |
3b. Plants without herbaceous, leafy stolons |
5 |
5a. Leaves usually about as long as wide, usually with obtuse to rounded lobes, terminal lobe not extended; sepals 2.5–3 mm long |
T. cordifolia |
5b. Leaves usually longer than wide, usually with acute-acuminate lobes, terminal lobe prominently extended; sepals 1.5–2 mm long |
6 |
6a. Flowering stem usually with leaves or foliaceous bracts |
T. nautila |
6b. Flowering stem without leaves or foliaceous bracts |
T. wherryi |
Taxonomy
editIn 1753, Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus established genus Tiarella by recognizing two species, Tiarella cordifolia and Tiarella trifoliata.[7][8] A third species, Tiarella polyphylla, was described by David Don in 1825.[9] Together these three species form the taxonomic backbone of the genus. In 1840, in the first critical treatment of Tiarella since Linnaeus, John Torrey and Asa Gray described two new sections:[10]
- Tiarella sect. Anthonema Nutt. apud Torr. et Gray: flowering stem leafy with alternate leaves; flowers paniculate; petals filiform or subulate; western North America
- Tiarella sect. Eutiarella Torr. et Gray: flowering stem naked; flowers racemose; petals oblong with a small claw or stalk; eastern North America.
Olga Lakela highlighted the section names in 1937,[11] but they have since fallen out of favor with botanists, mainly because Tiarella polyphylla is inconsistent with the dichotomy,[12] but perhaps also because there are taxa with leafy flowering stems in both western and eastern North America.
In Asia, the genus is represented by one species (Tiarella polyphylla).[4] In North America, there have been numerous major treatments of genus Tiarella, with taxonomies recognizing from two to six species, some including infraspecific taxa.
| Tiarella trifoliata and related taxa (Tiarella sect. Anthonema) |
Tiarella cordifolia and related taxa (Tiarella sect. Eutiarella) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species | Varieties | Forms | Species | Varieties | Forms | |
| Linnaeus 1753.[13] | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Torrey & Gray 1840.[10] | 3 | 1 | ||||
| Lakela 1937.[11] | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | |
| Jog 2009.[3] | 1 | 3 | 1 | |||
| USDA 2014.[14] | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | ||
| Nesom 2021.[15] | 1 | 5 | ||||
Currently accepted taxonomies are based on three sources:[16][17][15]
- Tiarella polyphylla in Flora of China
- Tiarella trifoliata and related taxa in Flora of North America
- Tiarella cordifolia and related taxa in a paper published by Guy Nesom in 2021
The treatment in the first source is near-universally accepted,[18][19][20][21][22] the second is widely recognized,[17][23][24][25][26][27][28] while the third is new and growing in acceptance.[29][30][31][32] A few authorities (with global scope) accept all three.[2][33]
Infrageneric taxa
editAll names used in this section are taken from the International Plant Names Index,[34] except where noted. The geographical locations are taken from Plants of the World Online (POWO).[35] As of October 2022[update], POWO accepts 7 species and 3 infraspecies:[2]
- Tiarella austrina (Lakela) G.L.Nesom: Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee
- Tiarella cordifolia L. sensu stricto: Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia
- Tiarella nautila G.L.Nesom: Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee
- Tiarella polyphylla D.Don: Assam, China, East Himalaya, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Tibet
- Tiarella stolonifera G.L.Nesom: Connecticut, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Québec, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin
- Tiarella trifoliata L.
- Tiarella trifoliata var. laciniata (Hook.) Wheelock: British Columbia, Oregon, Washington
- Tiarella trifoliata var. trifoliata: Alaska, Alberta, British Columbia, California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington
- Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata (Hook.) Kurtz: Alaska, Alberta, British Columbia, California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington
- Tiarella wherryi Lakela: Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee
Distribution
editTiarella is native to Asia and North America. It has been introduced into Norway.[2]
Asia
editTiarella polyphylla is an Asian species, ranging from the eastern Himalayas to China, east Asia, and southeast Asia. In China, it is found in moist forests and shady wet places at altitudes from 1,000 to 3,800 meters (3,300 to 12,500 ft).[16]
Western North America
editIn western North America, Tiarella trifoliata ranges from California northward to Alaska, and eastward to Montana.[17][24][36] Within this region, the varieties of T. trifoliata have overlapping ranges.
Canada:
- Alberta: T. t. var. trifoliata, T. t. var. unifoliata
- British Columbia: T. t. var. laciniata, T. t. var. trifoliata, T. t. var. unifoliata
United States:
- Alaska: T. t. var. trifoliata, T. t. var. unifoliata
- California: T. t. var. trifoliata, T. t. var. unifoliata
- Idaho: T. t. var. trifoliata, T. t. var. unifoliata
- Montana: T. t. var. trifoliata, T. t. var. unifoliata
- Oregon: T. t. var. laciniata, T. t. var. trifoliata, T. t. var. unifoliata
- Washington: T. t. var. laciniata, T. t. var. trifoliata, T. t. var. unifoliata
Eastern North America
editIn eastern North America, Tiarella cordifolia sensu lato is wide ranging, from northeastern Wisconsin across southeastern Canada to Nova Scotia, extending southward through the Appalachians into Alabama and Mississippi.[37][38] The range of Tiarella cordifolia sensu stricto is narrowly confined to the East Coast of the United States from Maryland through Virginia and the Carolinas into Georgia.
At least one species of Tiarella occurs in each of 26 provinces and states. Multiple species of Tiarella occur in eight (8) states. Tiarella stolonifera occurs in 22 provinces and states, it being the only species of Tiarella in 17 of those provinces and states. Tiarella cordifolia sensu stricto occurs in just five (5) states, all of which have at least two Tiarella species. The ranges of Tiarella nautila, Tiarella wherryi, and Tiarella austrina overlap in Tennessee, North Carolina, and Georgia.[15]
Canada:
- New Brunswick: T. stolonifera
- Nova Scotia: T. stolonifera
- Ontario: T. stolonifera
- Québec: T. stolonifera
United States:
- Alabama: T. austrina, T. wherryi
- Connecticut: T. stolonifera
- Georgia: T. austrina, T. cordifolia, T. nautila, T. wherryi
- Kentucky: T. stolonifera, T. wherryi
- Maine: T. stolonifera
- Maryland: T. cordifolia, T. stolonifera
- Massachusetts: T. stolonifera
- Michigan: T. stolonifera
- Mississippi: T. wherryi
- New Hampshire: T. stolonifera
- New Jersey: T. stolonifera
- New York: T. stolonifera
- North Carolina: T. austrina, T. cordifolia, T. nautila, T. stolonifera
- Ohio: T. stolonifera
- Pennsylvania: T. stolonifera
- Rhode Island: T. stolonifera
- South Carolina: T. austrina, T. cordifolia
- Tennessee: T. austrina, T. nautila, T. stolonifera, T. wherryi
- Vermont: T. stolonifera
- Virginia: T. cordifolia, T. stolonifera
- West Virginia: T. stolonifera
- Wisconsin: T. stolonifera
A disjunct population of Tiarella occurs in Stearns County, Minnesota but botanists believe it was introduced.[39] That population is claimed to be T. stolonifera,[40] but evidence is lacking.
Conservation
editIn western North America, Tiarella trifoliata is globally secure (G5).[25] Each variety is globally secure as well.
In eastern North America, Tiarella cordifolia sensu lato is globally secure (G5).[41] It is frequent to common throughout most of its wide distribution but becomes rare at the edges of its range, in Wisconsin and the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Nova Scotia, New Jersey, and Mississippi.[42]
Cultivation
editMany hybrids are known and cultivated. The following have been given the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
- Tiarella Angel Wings = 'Gowing'[43]
- Tiarella 'Spring Symphony'[44]
- Tiarella cordifolia[45]
- Tiarella wherryi[46]
-
Tiarella 'Cygnet' flowers -
Tiarella 'Cygnet' leaves
References
edit- ^ "Tiarella L.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
- ^ a b c d "Tiarella L.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
- ^ a b Jog, Suneeti (2009). "Tiarella". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 8. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ a b c Jintang, Pan; Soltis, Douglas E. "Tiarella". Flora of China. Vol. 8 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ Gledhill, David (2008). The Names of Plants (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 379. ISBN 978-0-521-86645-3.
- ^ a b Nesom (2021), p. 8.
- ^ "Tiarella cordifolia L.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
- ^ "Tiarella trifoliata L.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
- ^ "Tiarella polyphylla D.Don". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
- ^ a b Torrey & Gray (1840), pp. 587–588.
- ^ a b Lakela (1937).
- ^ Spongberg (1972), pp. 431–2.
- ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1753). Species Plantarum. Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. p. 405. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Tiarella". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ a b c Nesom (2021).
- ^ a b Jintang, Pan; Soltis, Douglas E. "Tiarella polyphylla". Flora of China. Vol. 8 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ a b c Jog, Suneeti (2009). "Tiarella trifoliata". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 8. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ "Tiarella polyphylla D.Don". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
- ^ Nesom (2021), p. 2.
- ^ "Tiarella polyphylla D.Don". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ^ "WFO (2022): Tiarella polyphylla D.Don". The World Flora Online. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ^ "Flora of Nepal: Saxifragaceae". Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
- ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Tiarella trifoliata". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ a b "Tiarella trifoliata L.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
- ^ a b "Tiarella trifoliata". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
- ^ "Tiarella trifoliata L.". Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). Retrieved 7 October 2022.
- ^ "WFO (2022): Tiarella trifoliata L.". The World Flora Online. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
- ^ "Tiarella trifoliata L.". E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia. 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
- ^ Weakley & Southeastern Flora Team (2022), p. 675.
- ^ "Plant List". Vascular Plants of North Carolina. North Carolina Biodiversity Project. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
- ^ "Tiarella". Alabama Plant Atlas. University of West Alabama. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
- ^ "Tiarella stolonifera G.L.Nesom". Canadensys. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
- ^ "Tiarella L.". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
- ^ "Search for 'Tiarella'". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2019-07-21.
- ^ "Tiarella search results". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
- ^ "Tiarella trifoliata". State-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
- ^ Jog, Suneeti (2009). "Tiarella cordifolia". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 8. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ "Tiarella cordifolia". State-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
- ^ Fields & Brzeskiewicz (2002), pp. 12–13.
- ^ "Tiarella stolonifera G.L.Nesom". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
- ^ "Tiarella cordifolia". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
- ^ Fields & Brzeskiewicz (2002), pp. 4, 13–15.
- ^ "Tiarella Angel Wings = 'Gowing'". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
- ^ "Tiarella 'Spring Symphony". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
- ^ "Tiarella cordifolia". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
- ^ "Tiarella wherryi". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
Bibliography
edit- Fernald, M. L. (1943). "Virginian botanizing under restrictions". Rhodora. 45: 445–449. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
- Fields, Douglas; Brzeskiewicz, Marjory (2002). "Conservation Assessment for Heart-leaved Foam-flower (Tiarella cordifolia)" (PDF). USDA Forest Service, Eastern Region. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
- Lakela, Olga (1937). "A monograph of the genus Tiarella L. in North America". Amer. J. Bot. 24 (6): 344–351. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1937.tb09109.x.
- Nesom, Guy L. (2021). "Taxonomy of Tiarella (Saxifragaceae) in the eastern USA" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 31: 1–61. ISSN 2153-733X. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
- Spongberg, Stephen A. (1972). "The genera of Saxifragaceae in the southeastern United States". Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. 53 (4): 409–498. doi:10.5962/p.324705. S2CID 88839907. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
- Torrey, John; Gray, Asa (1840). Flora of North America, Volume 1. New York: Wiley & Putnam. pp. 1–711. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
- Weakley, Alan S.; Southeastern Flora Team (2022). "Flora of the southeastern United States". University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden.
External links
edit
- Pink, A. (2004). Gardening for the Million. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.
- Blanchan, Neltje (2002). Wild Flowers: An Aid to Knowledge of our Wild Flowers and their Insect Visitors. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.
- Nesom, Guy L. (January 31, 2022). "New Species of Foamflower". North Carolina Botanical Garden. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
- "Tiarella cordifolia". Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
- "Tiarella". Native American Ethnobotany Database. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
- "Tiarella cordifolia". Tennessee-Kentucky Plant Atlas. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
- "Tiarella cordifolia L.". Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
- Chadwick, Pat (February 2017). "Tiptoeing Through the Tiarella". The Garden Shed Newsletter. 3 (2). Retrieved 2 November 2022.
- Perry, Leonard. "Tiarella". Retrieved 16 November 2022.
- Honeycutt, Ellen (March 6, 2022). "Foamflower Species Changes". Using Georgia Native Plants. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
- "An introduction to Tiarella". The Primrose Path. Retrieved 22 January 2023.