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Famagusta

(Redirected from Famagusta, Northern Cyprus)
"Magusa" redirects here. For the moth genus, see Magusa (moth).

Famagusta,[a] also known by several other names, is a city located in the Gazimağusa District of the de facto and unrecognised state of Northern Cyprus. It is located east of the capital, Nicosia, and possesses the deepest harbour of the island. During the Middle Ages (especially under the maritime republics of Genoa and Venice), Famagusta was the island's most important port city and a gateway to trade with the ports of the Levant, from where the Silk Road merchants carried their goods to Western Europe.

Famagusta
City and municipality
View of Hotels at Varosha
Varosha
Famagusta City walls: Othello Tower
Othello Castle
Front Facade of Lusignan Palace
Lusignan Palace
View of Saint Anne's Church
St Anne Church
Front Facade of Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque
Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque
Front Facade of Osman Fazil Mosque
Osman Fazil Mosque
Walls of Famagusta
Famagusta Walls
Piers with boats at Famagusta
Famagusta Port
Map
Interactive map outlining Famagusta
Famagusta is located in Cyprus
Famagusta
Famagusta
Location within Cyprus
Famagusta is located in Eastern Mediterranean
Famagusta
Famagusta
Location within the Eastern Mediterranean
Famagusta is located in Asia
Famagusta
Famagusta
Location within Asia
Coordinates: 35°07′30″N 33°56′30″E / 35.12500°N 33.94167°E / 35.12500; 33.94167
Country (de jure) Cyprus
DistrictFamagusta District
Country (de facto) Northern Cyprus[1]
DistrictGazimağusa District
Government
 • MayorSüleyman Uluçay (in Famagusta)
Simos Ioannou (in exile)
Area
[2]
 • Municipality
37.7 km2 (14.6 sq mi)
 • District997 km2 (385 sq mi)
Population
 (2019)[4]
 • Municipality
55,648
 • Density1,500/km2 (3,800/sq mi)
 • District
91,307[3]
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
WebsiteFamagusta Turkish Municipality (in Famagusta)
Famagusta Municipality (in exile)

Names

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The city was known as Arsinoe or Arsinoë (Ancient Greek: Ἀρσινόη, Arsinóē) in antiquity,[5] after Ptolemy II of Egypt's sister and wife Arsinoe II.

By the 3rd century, the city appears as Ammochostos (Ancient Greek: Ἀμμόχωστος or Αμμόχωστος, Ammókhōstos, "Hidden in Sand") in the Stadiasmus Maris Magni.[6] This name is still used in modern Greek with the pronunciation [aˈmoxostos], while it developed into Latin Fama Augusta, French Famagouste, Italian Famagosta, and English Famagusta during the medieval period. Its informal modern Turkish name Mağusa (Turkish pronunciation: [maˈusa]) came from the same source. On 25 December 1975, the formal name in Northern Cyprus was changed by an act of parliament to Gazimağusa ([ɡaːzimaˈusa]) with the addition of the title gazi, meaning "veteran".[7][8]

In the early medieval period, the city was also known as New Justiniana (Ancient Greek: Νέα Ἰουστινιανία, Néa Ioustinianía) in appreciation for the patronage of the Byzantine emperor Justinian, whose wife Theodora was born there.

The old town of Famagusta has also been nicknamed "the City of 365 Churches"[citation needed][clarification needed] from the legend that, at its peak, it boasted a church for every day of the year.

History

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The city was founded around 274 BC, after the serious damage to Salamis by an earthquake, by Ptolemy II Philadelphus and named "Arsinoe" after his sister.[9] Arsinoe was described as a "fishing town" by Strabo in his Geographica in the first century BC. In essence, Famagusta was the successor of the most famous and most important ancient city of Cyprus, Salamis. According to Greek mythology, Salamis was founded after the end of the Trojan War by Teucros, the son of Telamon and brother of Aedes, from the Greek island of Salamis.

Byzantine Empire

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The city experienced great prosperity much later, during the time of the Byzantine emperor Justinian. To honor the city, from which his wife Theodora came, Justinian enriched it with many buildings, while the inhabitants named it New Justiniania to express their gratitude. In AD 647, when the neighboring cities were destroyed by Arab raiding, the inhabitants of these cities moved to Famagusta, as a result of which the city's population increased significantly and the city experienced another boom.

Arab conquest

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Later, when Jerusalem was occupied by the Arabs, the Christian population fled to Famagusta, as a result of which the city became an important Christian center, but also one of the most important commercial centers in the eastern Mediterranean.

Medieval Famagusta

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Palazzo del Provveditore (the Royal Palace) entrance, Famagusta.
 
Church of Sts. Peter and Paul (1359) was converted into a mosque in 1571 and renamed as the Sinan Pasha Mosque.

The turning point for Famagusta was 1192 with the onset of Lusignan rule. It was during this period that Famagusta developed as a fully-fledged town. It increased in importance to the Eastern Mediterranean due to its natural harbour and the walls that protected its inner town. Its population began to increase. This development accelerated in the 13th century as the town became a centre of commerce for both the East and West. An influx of Christian refugees fleeing the downfall of Acre (1291) in Palestine transformed it from a tiny village into one of the richest cities in Christendom.

In 1372 the port was seized by Genoa and in 1489 by Venice. This commercial activity turned Famagusta into a place where merchants and ship owners led lives of luxury. By the mid-14th century, Famagusta was said to have the richest citizens in the world.[10] The belief that people's wealth could be measured by the churches they built inspired these merchants to have churches built in varying styles. These churches, which still exist, were the reason Famagusta came to be known as "the district of churches". The development of the town focused on the social lives of the wealthy people and was centred upon the Lusignan palace, the cathedral, the Square and the harbour.

  •  
    Territories, colonies and trade routes of the Republic of Genoa
  •  
    Territories, colonies and trade routes of the Republic of Venice
  •  
    View of Famagusta in the 1480s, from Beschreibung der Reise von Konstanz nach Jerusalem

Ottoman Famagusta

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The port of Famagusta, engraving from the book of Olfert Dapper "Description exact des iles des l'Archipel", Amsterdam, 1703.
Further information: Marco Antonio Bragadin

In 1570–1571, Famagusta was the last stronghold in Venetian Cyprus to hold out against the Turks under Mustafa Pasha. It resisted a siege of thirteen months and a terrible bombardment, until at last the garrison surrendered. The Ottoman forces had lost 50,000 men, including Mustafa Pasha's son. Although the surrender terms had stipulated that the Venetian forces be allowed to return home, the Venetian commander, Marco Antonio Bragadin, was flayed alive, his lieutenant Tiepolo was hanged, and many other Christians were killed.[11]

 
Famagusta citadel walls

With the advent of the Ottoman rule, Latins lost their privileged status in Famagusta and were expelled from the city. Greek Cypriots natives were at first allowed to own and buy property in the city, but were banished from the walled city in 1573–74 and had to settle outside in the area that later developed into Varosha. Turkish families from Anatolia were resettled in the walled city but could not fill the buildings that previously hosted a population of 10,000.[12] This caused a drastic decrease in the population of Famagusta. Merchants from Famagusta, who mostly consisted of Latins that had been expelled, resettled in Larnaca and as Larnaca flourished, Famagusta lost its importance as a trade centre.[13] Over time, Varosha developed into a prosperous agricultural town thanks to its location away from the marshes, whilst the walled city remained dilapidated.[12]

In the walled city, some buildings were repurposed to serve the interests of the Muslim population: the Cathedral of St. Nicholas was converted to a mosque (now known as Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque), a bazaar was developed, public baths, fountains and a theological school were built to accommodate the inhabitants' needs. Dead end streets, an Ottoman urban characteristic, was imported to the city and a communal spirit developed in which a small number of two-storey houses inhabited by the small upper class co-existed with the widespread one-storey houses.[14]

British rule

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Harbor of the city of Famagusta, 1905
 
Cinema Hadjichambi where Nea Salamis Famagusta was established in 1948.

With the British takeover, Famagusta regained its significance as a port and an economic centre and its development was specifically targeted in British plans. As soon as the British took over the island, a Famagusta Development Act was passed that aimed at the reconstruction and redevelopment of the city's streets and dilapidated buildings as well as better hygiene. The port was developed and expanded between 1903 and 1906 and Cyprus Government Railway, with its terminus in Famagusta, started construction in 1904. Whilst Larnaca continued to be used as the main port of the island for some time, after Famagusta's use as a military base in World War I trade significantly shifted to Famagusta.[15] The city outside the walls grew at an accelerated rate, with development being centred around Varosha.[14] Varosha became the administrative centre as the British moved their headquarters and residences there and tourism grew significantly in the last years of the British rule. Pottery and production of citrus and potatoes also significantly grew in the city outside the walls, whilst agriculture within the walled city declined to non-existence.[15]

New residential areas were built to accommodate the increasing population towards the end of the British rule,[14] and by 1960, Famagusta was a modern port city[16] extending far beyond Varosha and the walled city.[15]

The British period saw a significant demographic shift in the city. In 1881, Christians constituted 60% of the city's population while Muslims were at 40%. By 1960, the Turkish Cypriot population had dropped to 17.5% of the overall population, while the Greek Cypriot population had risen to 70%.[17] The city was also the site for one of the British internment camps for nearly 50,000 Jewish survivors of the Holocaust trying to emigrate to Palestine.[16]

From independence to the Turkish invasion

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Famagusta's old Cathedral (Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque) in the 1970s

From independence in 1960 to the Turkish invasion of Cyprus of 1974, Famagusta developed toward the south west of Varosha as a well-known entertainment and tourist centre. The contribution of Famagusta to the country's economic activity by 1974 far exceeded its proportional dimensions within the country. Whilst its population was only about 7% of the total of the country, Famagusta by 1974 accounted for over 10% of the total industrial employment and production of Cyprus, concentrating mainly on light industry compatible with its activity as a tourist resort and turning out high-quality products ranging from food, beverages and tobacco to clothing, footwear, plastics, light machinery and transport equipment. It contributed 19.3% of the business units and employed 21.3% of the total number of persons engaged in commerce on the island. It acted as the main tourist destination of Cyprus, hosting 31.5% of the hotels and 45% of Cyprus' total bed capacity.[18] Varosha acted as the main touristic and business quarters.

In this period, the urbanisation of Famagusta slowed down and the development of the rural areas accelerated. Therefore, economic growth was shared between the city of Famagusta and the district, which had a balanced agricultural economy, with citrus, potatoes, tobacco and wheat as main products. Famagusta maintained good communications with this hinterland. The city's port remained the island's main seaport and in 1961, it was expanded to double its capacity in order to accommodate the growing volume of exports and imports. The port handled 42.7% of Cypriot exports, 48.6% of imports and 49% of passenger traffic.[19]

There has not been an official census since 1960 but the population of the town in 1974 was estimated to be around 39,000[20] not counting about 12,000–15,000 persons commuting daily from the surrounding villages and suburbs to work in Famagusta. The number of people staying in the city would swell to about 90,000–100,000 during the peak summer tourist period, with the influx of tourists from numerous European countries, mainly Britain, France, Germany and the Scandinavian countries. The majority of the city population were Greek Cypriots (26,500), with 8,500 Turkish Cypriots and 4,000 people from other ethnic groups.[20]

From the Turkish reinvasion to the present

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The Victory Monument (Zafer Anıtı) in Polatpaşa Boulevard, Famagusta

During the second phase of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus on 14 August 1974 the Mesaoria plain was overrun by Turkish tanks and Famagusta was bombed by Turkish aircraft. It took two days for the Turkish Army to occupy the city, prior to which Famagusta's entire Greek Cypriot population had fled into surrounding fields. As a result of Turkish airstrikes dozens of civilians died, including tourists.[citation needed][21]

Unlike other parts of the Turkish-controlled areas of Cyprus, the Varosha suburb of Famagusta was fenced off by the Turkish army immediately after being captured and remained fenced off until October 2020, when the TRNC reopened some streets to visitors. Some Greek Cypriots who had fled Varosha have been allowed to view the town and journalists have been allowed in.[22]

UN Security Council resolution 550 (1984) considers any attempts to settle any part of Famagusta by people other than its inhabitants as inadmissible and unjust and calls for the transfer of this area to the administration of the UN. The UN's Security Council resolution 789 (1992) also urges that with a view to the implementation of resolution 550 (1984), the area at present under the control of the United Nations Peace-keeping Force in Cyprus be extended to include Varosha.[23]

Cityscape

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A roundabout in Famagusta

Famagusta's historic city centre is surrounded by the fortifications of Famagusta, which have a roughly rectangular shape, built mainly by the Venetians in the 15th and 16th centuries, though some sections of the walls have been dated earlier times, as far as 1211.[24] Some important landmarks and visitor attractions in the old city are:[25][26][27][28]

In an October 2010 report titled Saving Our Vanishing Heritage, Global Heritage Fund listed Famagusta, a "maritime ancient city of crusader kings", among the 12 sites most "On the Verge" of irreparable loss and destruction, citing insufficient management and development pressures.[29]

Economy

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See also: Port of Famagusta
 
The port of Famagusta

Famagusta is an important commercial hub of Northern Cyprus. The main economic activities in the city are tourism, education, construction and industrial production. It has a 115-acre free port, which is the most important seaport of Northern Cyprus for travel and commerce.[30][31] The port is an important source of income and employment for the city, though its volume of trade is restricted by the embargo against Northern Cyprus. Its historical sites, including the walled city, Salamis, the Othello Castle and the St Barnabas Church, as well as the sandy beaches surrounding it make it a tourist attraction; efforts are also underway to make the city more attractive for international congresses. The Eastern Mediterranean University is also an important employer and supplies significant income and activity, as well as opportunities for the construction sector. The university also raises a qualified workforce that stimulates the city's industry and makes communications industry viable. The city has two industrial zones: the Large Industrial Zone and the Little Industrial Zone. The city is also home to a fishing port, but inadequate infrastructure of the port restricts the growth of this sector.[30] The industry in the city has traditionally been concentrated on processing agricultural products.[32]

Historically, the port was the primary source of income and employment for the city, especially right after 1974. However, it gradually lost some of its importance to the economy as the share of its employees in the population of Famagusta diminished due to various reasons.[33] However, it still is the primary port for commerce in Northern Cyprus, with more than half of ships that came to Northern Cyprus in 2013 coming to Famagusta. It is the second most popular seaport for passengers, after Kyrenia, with around 20,000 passengers using the port in 2013.[34]

Politics

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The mayor-in-exile of Famagusta is Simos Ioannou.[35] Süleyman Uluçay heads the Turkish Cypriot municipal administration of Famagusta, which remains legal as a communal-based body under the constitutional system of the Republic of Cyprus.[36]

Since 1974, Greek Cypriots submitted a number of proposals within the context of bicommunal discussions for the return of Varosha to UN administration, allowing the return of its previous inhabitants, requesting also the opening of Famagusta harbour for use by both communities. Varosha would have been returned to Greek Cypriot control as part of the 2004 Annan Plan but the plan had been rejected by a majority(3/4) of Greek Cypriot voters.[37]

Culture

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A street in the walled city of Famagusta

The walled city of Famagusta contains many unique buildings. Famagusta has a walled city popular with tourists.[38]

Every year, the International Famagusta Art and Culture Festival is organized in Famagusta. Concerts, dance shows and theater plays take place during the festival.[39]

A growth in tourism and the city's university have fueled[40] the development of Famagusta's vibrant[41] nightlife. Nightlife in the city is especially active on Wednesday, Friday and Saturday nights and in the hotter months of the year, starting from April. Larger hotels in the city have casinos that cater to their customers.[42] Salamis Road is an area of Famagusta with a heavy concentration of bars frequented by students and locals.[43]

Famagusta's Othello Castle is the setting for Shakespeare's play Othello.[44] The city was also the setting for Victoria Hislop's 2015 novel The Sunrise,[45] and Michael Paraskos's 2016 novel In Search of Sixpence.[46] The city is the birthplace of the eponymous hero of the Renaissance proto-novel Fortunatus.[citation needed]

Sports

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Canbulat playground

Famagusta was home to many Greek Cypriot sport teams that left the city because of the Turkish invasion and still bear their original names. Most notable football clubs originally from the city are Anorthosis Famagusta FC and Nea Salamis Famagusta FC, both of the Cypriot First Division, which are now based in Larnaca. Usually Anorthosis Famagusta fans are politically right wing where Nea Salamis fans are left wing.

Famagusta is represented by Mağusa Türk Gücü in the Turkish Cypriot First Division. Dr. Fazıl Küçük Stadium is the largest football stadium in Famagusta.[47] Many Turkish Cypriot sport teams that left Southern Cyprus because of the Cypriot intercommunal violence are based in Famagusta.[citation needed]

Famagusta is represented by DAÜ Sports Club and Magem Sports Club in North Cyprus First Volleyball Division. Gazimağusa Türk Maarif Koleji represents Famagusta in the North Cyprus High School Volleyball League.[48]

Famagusta has a modern volleyball stadium called the Mağusa Arena.[49]

Education

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Library of the Eastern Mediterranean University in Famagusta, 2007.

The Eastern Mediterranean University was founded in the city in 1979.[50] The Istanbul Technical University founded a campus in the city in 2010.[51]

The Cyprus College of Art was founded in Famagusta by the Cypriot artist Stass Paraskos in 1969, before moving to Paphos in 1972 after protests from local hoteliers that the presence of art students in the city was putting off holidaymakers.[52]

Healthcare

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Famagusta has three general hospitals. Gazimağusa Devlet Hastahanesi, a state hospital, is the biggest hospital in city. Gazimağusa Tıp Merkezi and Gazimağusa Yaşam Hastahanesi are private hospitals.

Personalities

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International relations

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Northern Cyprus

Twin towns – sister cities

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Famagusta is twinned with:

References

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Notes

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  1. ^ UK: /ˌfæməˈɡʊstə, ˌfɑːm-/ FA(H)M-ə-GUUST-ə, US: /ˌfɑːməˈɡuːstə/ FAH-mə-GOO-stə

References

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  1. ^ In 1983, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus unilaterally declared independence from the Republic of Cyprus. The de facto state is not recognised by any UN state except Turkey.
  2. ^ "Northern Cyprus: Districts, Major Towns & Villages - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
  3. ^ KKTC Yerel Yönetimler Raporu 2019 [TRNC Regional Administrations Report 2019] (PDF), TRNC State Planning Organization, December 2020, p. 5
  4. ^ KKTC Yerel Yönetimler Raporu 2019 [TRNC Regional Administrations Report 2019] (PDF), TRNC State Planning Organization, December 2020, p. 4
  5. ^ "ARSINOE Cyprus". The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  6. ^ Anonymous Stadiasmus of the Great Sea, 304
  7. ^ "MAĞUSA'YA "GAZİ" ÜNVANININ VERİLİŞİ İLK KEZ DEVLET TÖRENİ İLE KUTLANDI". Gazimağusa Municipality. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  8. ^ Feyzioğlu, Bülent (9 December 2023). "Mağusa "Gazi" mi değil mi?". Kıbrıs Gazetesi. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  9. ^ "Brief History". Ammochostos Municipality. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
  10. ^ Langdale 2010, p. 159.
  11. ^ Kinross, Lord (2002). Ottoman Centuries. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-688-08093-8.
  12. ^ a b Uluca 2006, pp. 73–5
  13. ^ Gazioğlu, Ahmet C. (1990). The Turks in Cyprus: A Province of the Ottoman Empire (1571-1878). London: K. Rustem & Brother. p. 149.
  14. ^ a b c Dağlı, Uğur Ulaş. "Story of a Town". Municipality of Famagusta. Archived from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  15. ^ a b c Uluca 2006, pp. 81–4
  16. ^ a b Mirbagheri, Farid (2009). Historical Dictionary of Cyprus. Scarecrow Press. pp. 62–3. ISBN 9780810862982.
  17. ^ "FAMAGUSTA/AMMOCHOSTOS". PRIO Cyprus Displacement Centre. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  18. ^ "Famagusta Municipality". Famagusta.org.cy. Archived from the original on 2013-05-01. Retrieved 2013-10-15.
  19. ^ Cyprus Today 2010.
  20. ^ a b Mirbagheri, Farid (2009). Historical Dictionary of Cyprus. Scarecrow Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0810862982.
  21. ^ O'Malley, Brendan; Craig, Ian; Craig, Ian (2002). The Cyprus conspiracy : America, espionage, and the Turkish reinvasion - (Taken down). London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 192, 216. ISBN 978-1-86064-737-6.
  22. ^ Harris, Johnny. "Returning to a War-Torn Ghost Town Sealed for 50 years: Cyprus, UNCHARTED Ep. 1". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  23. ^ "UN Security Council resolutions on Famagusta must be respected, US Ambassador stresses – Cyprus News Gazette". Archived from the original on 2022-03-29. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
  24. ^ Uluca 2006, p. 102
  25. ^ "Gazimağusa" (PDF). TRNC Department of Tourism and. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  26. ^ "Tarihi Yerler" (in Turkish). Famagusta Municipality. Archived from the original on 6 May 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  27. ^ Dreghorn, William. "FAMAGUSTA & SALAMIS: A Guide Book". Rustem & Bro. Publishing House. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  28. ^ "What to see in Famagusta?". Cypnet. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  29. ^ Global Heritage Fund | GHF Archived August 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  30. ^ a b Ülkesel Fizik Plan - Bölüm VI. Bölge Strateji ve Politikaları (in Turkish). TRNC Department of City Planning. 2012. pp. 9–29. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2015-08-11.
  31. ^ Guide to Foreign Investors (2004), TRNC State Planning Organization, p. 18-19.
  32. ^ Mor, Ahmet; Çitci, M. Dursun (2006). "KUZEY KIBRIS TÜRK CUMHURİYETİ'NDE EKONOMİK ETKİNLİKLER" (PDF). Fırat University Journal of Social Science (in Turkish). 16 (1): 33–61. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-01-10. Retrieved 2016-03-28.
  33. ^ Atun, Ata. "Gazimağusa Limanının önemini kaybetme nedenleri ve kente olumlu ve olumsuz etkileri". journalacademic.com (in Turkish). Eastern Mediterranean University Famagusta Symposium of 1999. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  34. ^ "KKTC Limanlarında bir yılda 2 milyon ton yük" (in Turkish). Kaptan Haber. Retrieved 12 August 2015.[permanent dead link‍]
  35. ^ "Simos Ioannou elected Mayor of Famagusta". Cyprus Mail. August 25, 2019.
  36. ^ "The Constitution – Appendix D: Part 12 – Miscellaneous Provisions". Archived from the original on 2012-08-05. Retrieved 2011-04-07.
  37. ^ Mirbagheri, Farid (2010). Historical dictionary of Cyprus ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-8108-5526-7.
  38. ^ Tolgay, Ahmet. Sur içi sendromu: Bir Lefkoşa – Mağusa kıyaslaması... Archived 2012-11-30 at the Wayback Machine (Kıbrıs)
  39. ^ International Famagusta Art & Culture Festival (Lonely Planet); retrieved 2015-08-31.
  40. ^ Scott, Julie (2000). Brown, Frances; Hall, Derek D.; Hall, Derek R. (eds.). Tourism in Peripheral Areas: Case Studies. Channel View Publications. p. 65. ISBN 9781873150238.
  41. ^ "Mağusa geceleri capcanlı" (in Turkish). Kıbrıs. 3 May 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  42. ^ "Gece Hayatı" (in Turkish). Municipality of Famagusta. Archived from the original on 11 July 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  43. ^ "Gazimağusa" (in Turkish). Gezimanya. Archived from the original on 3 May 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  44. ^ "Shakespeare's 'Othello Tower', victim of Cyprus's division, to reopen after facelift". Reuters. 17 June 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  45. ^ Victoria Hislop, The Sunrise (London: Headline Review 2015)
  46. ^ Michael Paraskos, In Search of Sixpence (London: Friction Fiction, 2016)
  47. ^ "KIBRIS TÜRK FUTBOL FEDERASYONU - Hoş Geldiniz". www.ktff.net. Archived from the original on October 9, 2011.
  48. ^ STAR KIBRIS GAZETESİ – Şampiyonlar Gazi Mağusa'dan – Liselerarası Voleybol Birinciliği'nde kızlarda Gazi Mağusa Türk Maarif Koleji, erkeklerde Namık Kemal Lisesi rakiplerini y...
  49. ^ "Mağusa Arena Açildi". gundem.emu.edu.tr. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012.
  50. ^ Eastern Mediterranean University Archived 2011-04-29 at the Wayback Machine
  51. ^ "Köklü ve öncü bir üniversite". Kıbrıs. 9 January 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  52. ^ Michael Paraskos, 'A Voice in the Wilderness: Stass Paraskos and the Cyprus College of Art' in The Cyprus Dossier, no. 8 (2015)
  53. ^ "Unaccompanied refugee children in Cyprus renew hope for the future through an innovative project". UNHCR Cyprus. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
  54. ^ a b c d "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-15. Retrieved 2016-12-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  55. ^ "Our Sister cities". Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2024-01-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
Sources

Further reading

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  • Weyl Carr, Annemarie (ed.), Famagusta, Volume 1. Art and Architecture (= Mediterranean Nexus 1100-1700. Conflict, Influence and Inspiration in the Mediterranean Area 2), Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2014. ISBN 978-2-503-54130-3
  • DVD / Film: The Stones of Famagusta: the Story of a Forgotten City (2008); Allan Langdale, "In a Contested Realm: An Illustrated Guide to the Archaeology and Historical Architecture of Northern Cyprus" (2012).
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