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A right-wing dictatorship, sometimes also referred to as a rightist dictatorship or right-wing authoritarianism, is an authoritarian or sometimes totalitarian regime following right-wing policies. Right-wing dictatorships are typically characterized by appeals to traditionalism, the protection of law and order and often the advocacy of nationalism, and justify their rise to power based on a need to uphold a conservative status quo. Examples of right-wing dictatorships may include anti-communist ones, such as Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Estado Novo, Francoist Spain, the Chilean Junta, the Greek Junta, the Brazilian military dictatorship, the Argentine Junta (or National Reorganization Process), Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek, South Korea when it was led by Syngman Rhee, Park Chung Hee, and Chun Doo-hwan, a number of military dictatorships in Latin America during the Cold War,[1] and those that agitate anti-Western sentiments, such as Russia under Vladimir Putin.
Characteristics of a right-wing dictatorship
editMilitary dictatorship
editIn the most common Western view, the perfect example of a right-wing dictatorship is any of those that once ruled in South America.[according to whom?] Those regimes were predominantly military juntas and most of them collapsed in the 1980s. Communist countries, which were very cautious about not revealing their authoritarian methods of rule to the public, were usually led by civilian governments and officers taking power were not much welcomed there.[citation needed] Few exceptions include the Burmese Way to Socialism (Burma, 1966–1988), the Military Council of National Salvation (People's Republic of Poland, 1981–1983) or the North Korean regime's evolution throughout the rule of Kim Il Sung.
Religion and the government
editMany right-wing regimes kept strong ties with local clerical establishments. This policy of a strong Church-state alliance is often referred to as Clerical fascism. Pro-Catholic dictatorships included the Estado Novo (1933–1974) and the Federal State of Austria (1934–1938). Many of those are/were led by spiritual leaders, such as the Slovak Republic under the Reverend Josef Tiso. Some right-wing dictatorships, like Nazi Germany, were openly hostile to certain religions.[2]
Right-wing dictatorships by region
editThe authoritarian politics of several countries can range from parties and movements on the center-right to the far-right, including some that are difficult to define. The degree of authoritarianism can also vary.
Cases supported by varius sources and definitions will be presented below:
Europe
editThe existence of right-wing dictatorships in Europe are largely associated with the rise of fascism. The conditions created by World War I and its aftermath gave way both to revolutionary socialism and reactionary politics. Fascism arose as part of the reaction to the socialist movement, in attempt to recreate a perceived status quo ante bellum.[3] Right-wing dictatorships in Europe were mostly destroyed with the Allied victory in World War II, although some continued to exist in Southern Europe until the 1970s.
- List of European right-wing dictatorships
| Country | Historical name(s) | Movement(s) | Years of rule | Dictator(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Albania |
||||
 Austria |
Fatherland Front | |||
 Bulgaria |
Kingdom of Bulgaria |
|||
 Germany |
[need quotation to verify][9][10][11] | [12][13] | [14][15] | |
 Greece |
||||
 Italy |
 Kingdom of Italy[25][26] |
National Fascist Party[27][28] | 1922–1943 | Benito Mussolini[29][30] |
 Latvia |
Republic of Latvia[citation needed] |
Latvian Farmers' Union[citation needed] (disbanded after coup) | 1934–1940 | Kārlis Ulmanis[31] |
 Lithuania |
Republic of Lithuania[32] |
Lithuanian Nationalist Union[33] | 1926–1940 | Antanas Smetona[34][35] |
 Ottoman Empire |
|
|||
 Portugal |
|
|||
 Romania |
| |||
 Russia |
||||
 San Marino |
Republic of San Marino[50] |
Sammarinese Fascist Party | 1923–1943 | Giuliano Gozi |
 Spain |
||||
 Ukraine |
 Ukrainian State[58] |
Ukrainian People's Hromada | 1918 | Pavlo Skoropadskyi |
 Yugoslavia |
Kingdom of Yugoslavia[59] |
Asia
editRight-wing dictatorships in Asia emerged during the early 1930s,[63] as military regimes seized power from local constitutional democracies and monarchies. The phenomenon soon spread to other countries with the military occupations driven by the militarist expansion of the Empire of Japan. After the end of World War II, Asian right-wing dictatorships took on a decidedly anti-communist role in the Cold War, with many being backed by the United States.
- List of Asian right-wing dictatorships
This table possibly contains original research. (February 2011) |
North, Central, and South America
editRight-wing dictatorships largely emerged in Central America and the Caribbean during the early 20th century. Sometimes they arose in order to provide concessions to American corporations such as the United Fruit Company, forming regimes that have been described as "banana republics".[140] North American right-wing dictatorships were instrumental in suppressing their countries' labour movements and instituting corporatist economies. During the Cold War, these right-wing dictatorships were characterized by a distinct anti-communist ideology, and often rose to power through US-backed coups. Many right-wing dictatorships in South America were established through Operation Condor in which left-wing governments in the region were replaced with right-wing military regimes through us-backed coups.
- List of North and South American right-wing dictatorships
Africa
editAfrica has experienced several military dictatorships which makes up the majority of right-wing dictatorships that have existed. They commonly have strong anti-communist stances, pro-western stances and have also lead to genocide and discrimination against other ethnic groups.
- List of African right-wing dictatorships
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Whether Chiang Kai-shek's early rule can be seen as a 'right-wing' dictatorship is debatable. During the 1920s and early 1930s, Chiang and supporters was seen as a 'centrist'[114][115] among 'right-wing' Hu Hanmin supporters and 'left-wing' Wang Jingwei supporters, but the Chinese Communist Party (or Maoism) later emerged as the main rival of the KMT, making Chiang's rule a 'right-wing' dictatorship. Other historians argue that Chiang's ideology differed from 'right-wing' dictators of the 20th century and that he did not espouse the ideology of fascism.[116]
References
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Some groups that are known to have helped Jews were religious in nature. One of these was the Confessing Church, a Protestant denomination formed in May 1934, the year after Hitler became chancellor of Germany. One of its goals was to repeal the Nazi law "which required that the civil service would be purged of all those who were either Jewish or of partly Jewish descent." Another was to help those "who suffered through repressive laws, or violence." About 7,000 of the 17,000 Protestant clergy in Germany joined the Confessing Church. Much of their work has one unrecognized, but two who will never forget them are Max Krakauer and his wife. Sheltered in sixty-six houses and helped by more than eighty individuals who belonged to the Confessing Church, they owe them their lives. German Catholic churches went out of their way to protect Catholics of Jewish ancestry. More inclusive was the principled stand taken by Catholic Bishop Clemens Count von Galen of Munster. He publicly denounced the Nazi slaughter of Jews and actually succeeded in having the problem halted for a short time. ... Members of the Society of Friends--German Quakers working with organizations of Friends from other countries--were particularly successful in rescuing Jews. ... Jehovah's Witnesses, themselves targeted for concentration camps, also provided help to Jews.
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