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The Fat Duck

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The Fat Duck is a fine dining restaurant in Bray, Berkshire, England, owned by the chef Heston Blumenthal. Housed in a 16th-century building, the Fat Duck opened on 16 August 1995. Although it originally served food similar to a French bistro, it soon acquired a reputation for precision and innovation, and has been at the forefront of many modern culinary developments, such as food pairing, flavour encapsulation and multi-sensory cooking.[1]

The Fat Duck
Map
Restaurant information
Established1995; 29 years ago (1995)
Owner(s)Heston Blumenthal
Food typeMolecular gastronomy
Experimental cuisine
Rating3 Michelin stars Michelin stars
AA Rosettes
CityBray, Berkshire
CountryEngland
Websitewww.thefatduck.co.uk

The number of staff in the kitchen increased from four when the Fat Duck first opened to 42, resulting in a ratio of one kitchen staff member per customer. The Fat Duck gained its first Michelin star in 1999, its second in 2002 and its third in 2004, making it one of eight restaurants in the United Kingdom to earn three Michelin stars. In 2005, the World's 50 Best Restaurants named the Fat Duck the best restaurant in the world. It lost its stars in 2016 when it closed for renovation, but regained all three the following year.

The Fat Duck is known for its tasting menu featuring dishes such as nitro-scrambled egg and bacon ice cream, an Alice in Wonderland-inspired mock turtle soup involving a bouillon packet made up to look like a fob watch dissolved in tea, and a dish called Sound of the Sea which includes an audio element. It has an associated laboratory where Blumenthal and his team develop new dish concepts.[1] In 2009, the Fat Duck suffered from the largest norovirus outbreak ever documented at a restaurant, with more than 400 diners falling ill.

History

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The Fat Duck is located in a 16th-century cottage that was modified in the 19th and 20th centuries. It was previously a pub, the Ringers. The building was Grade II listed by English Heritage on 2 May 1989.[2]

The Fat Duck opened in 1995, staffed only by Blumenthal and a dishwasher.[3] It served meals in the style of a French bistro, such as lemon tarts and steak and chips. Blumenthal said that science had already begun to influence the cooking at this stage, as already on the menu were his triple-cooked chips, which were developed to stop the potato from going soft.[3] Blumenthal sold his house, his car and many of his possessions to avoid bankruptcy.[3]

1999—2005: Michelin stars

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After four years, the Fat Duck was awarded its first Michelin star in the 1999 list.[4] Blumenthal worked with the physics professor Peter Barham of the University of Bristol, and developed a menu of dishes through experimentation such as slow-cooked lamb which avoids shocking the fibres in the meat and causing them to seize. By 2000, techniques were being used such as cooking vegetables in mineral water after discovering that the levels of calcium in tap water causes their discolouration, and freezing cuttlefish to break down the molecules and increase their tenderness.[5]

 
Heston Blumenthal, the chef proprietor

In 2001, the Fat Duck was awarded a second Michelin star and was named restaurant of the year by the Automobile Association.[6] In 2002, Blumenthal opened a second restaurant in Bray, the Riverside Brasserie, selling many of the Fat Duck's earlier dishes at reduced prices.[7]

In 2004, the Fat Duck became the third restaurant in the UK to receive three Michelin stars, after the Waterside Inn, also in Bray, and Restaurant Gordon Ramsay in London.[8] It was the fastest that a restaurant had gone from one to three stars in the UK.[9] At the time he received his third star, Blumenthal said it was the closest he had been to bankruptcy, with enough money only to cover the following week's staff wages.[10] Immediately after receiving the third star, the Fat Duck began receiving hundreds of phone calls seeking reservations a day. Blumenthal hired Tony Baker as managing director to help deal with the demand.[10]

In the same year, the Fat Duck was ranked second in the world behind the French Laundry by the World's 50 Best Restaurants.[9] It also received the title of Square Meal BMW Best UK Restaurant 2004.[11] That year, food and safety officers found "borderline" levels of listeria in the foie gras and expressed concern that "no core temperatures of the meat are taken". The Daily Telegraph reported that the Fat Duck dealt with the problem and introduced "stringent procedures."[12]

In 2005, the World's 50 Best Restaurants named the Fat Duck the best restaurant in the world.[13] At the first Front of House Awards in 2007, it won the awards for Overall Service and Front Desk of the Year.[14] As of 2007, the Fat Duck employed 32 chefs, with a weekly wage bill of around £35,000.[14] It seated 46 people for lunch and dinner six days a week, with an average spend of around £175 per head and an annual turnover of more than £4 million. Additional income came from books and television.[10] In 2008, Blumenthal published The Big Fat Duck Cookbook.[15]

2009: Norovirus outbreak

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On 27 February 2009, Blumenthal closed the Fat Duck temporarily after a number of customers reported feeling unwell at different times.[16] By 3 March the source of the outbreak was still unclear but sabotage had been ruled out. A spokesman for the restaurant said "All this leads us to believe that it [the health scare] has not come from the restaurant and we expect to be given the all clear."[17] On 6 March it was reported that 400 people had stated they had felt unwell after eating at the restaurant.[18]

The restaurant reopened on 12 March 2009.[19] The cause of the illness was later given by the Health Protection Agency as norovirus, which was thought to originate from oysters which had been harvested from beds contaminated with sewage.[20] The virus was spread further after being contracted by staff members.[21] The restaurant was criticised for its cleaning methods and its slow response to the incident.[20] Complaints of illness from customers totalled 529.[20] It was the largest norovirus outbreak ever documented at a restaurant.[22]

2012: Deaths of senior staff

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On 19 November 2012, Jorge Ivan Arango Herrera and Carl Magnus Lindgren, two senior members of staff, were killed on Chai Wan Road, Hong Kong, in a traffic accident when their taxi was hit by two buses.[23] They died along with the taxi driver, Wong Kim-chung. A further 56 people were injured in the accident.[24] Blumenthal had been in Hong Kong and was travelling in a separate cab at the time of the crash.

2014: Relocation to Australia

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On 31 March 2014, Blumenthal announced he would be closing the Fat Duck for renovations for six months and temporarily relocating it with its entire team to Crown Towers, Melbourne, Australia. During those six months, the Australian restaurant was also named the Fat Duck, after which it was renamed after Blumenthal's London restaurant Dinner by Heston Blumenthal.[25] This was the second restaurant with that name, Blumenthal's sixth restaurant and his first restaurant outside of Britain. This temporary closure of the Bray location made the Fat Duck ineligible for assessment for the 2016 Michelin Guide, thus losing its three-starred status. It regained the stars the following year.[26][27]

Facilities

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The Fat Duck has 14 tables[28] and can seat 42 diners.[29] It has a high proportion of chefs working, 42, equating to one chef per diner.[29] Much of the menu is developed by experimentation: for example, the egg and bacon ice cream came about following Blumenthal investigating the principles of "flavour encapsulation".[30] A research laboratory where Blumenthal and his team develop dishes is two doors away opposite the Hind's Head pub, which he also owns. It was where the majority of the laboratory scenes for the television series Heston Blumenthal: In Search of Perfection were filmed. The lab equipment includes a centrifuge which is used to make chocolate wine, and a vacuum oven.[31] The restaurant takes reservations up to two months in advance, and in 2011 it was receiving some 30,000 calls for reservations per day, although that figure also included people who could not get through and were redialling.[32]

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Salmon poached in liquorice gel served with an artichoke vanilla mayonnaise
 
Oyster and passion fruit jelly on lavender, served in an oyster shell
 
Carrot and orange lolly

Blumenthal was inspired as a teenager by trips to the Michelin-starred restaurants in France and the work of Harold McGee. McGee's work in particular led him to question traditional cooking techniques and approaches which resulted in combinations which may at first appear unusual.[3] Blumenthal incorporates psychology and the perception of diners into his dishes, explaining, "For example, eat sardine on toast sorbet for the first time, confusion will reign as the brain will be trying to tell the palate to expect a dessert and you will therefore be tasting more sweetness than actually exists."[4]

The Fat Duck serves a tasting menu.[33] Dishes served include palate cleansers made of vodka and green tea, frozen in liquid nitrogen,[34] a snail porridge described by one food critic as "infamous",[29] and ice creams of both crab, and egg and bacon, each of which drew media attention.[35] The mock turtle soup has an Alice in Wonderland theme, whereby a fob watch formed of freeze-dried beef stock covered with gold leaf is dropped into a teacup by a waiter, who pours a beef stock "tea" poured over it that dissolves the gold and the watch. A plate of ox tongue and vegetables is served alongside to place into the soup. Toast sandwiches, developed for an appearance on Heston's Feasts, are served as a side dish.[36][37][38] Dishes are served with additional sensory inputs, such as "Sounds of the Sea", a plate of seafood served with a seafood foam on top of a "beach" of tapioca, breadcrumbs and eel. Alongside the dish, diners are given an iPod to listen to crashing waves whilst they eat.[39] Other sensory components include "the smell of the Black Forest" that accompanies a kirsch ice cream.[32]

In 2023, the Fat Duck introduced its 12-dish Sensorium menu, which the Times said was more conventional and "dials down the trickery and sleights of hand". It incorporates new seasonal dishes alongside previous dishes such as the Sound of Sea and A Walk in the Woods ("an edible forest floor of mushrooms, blackberries and beetroot").[40]

Reception

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Ben Rogers reviewed the Fat Duck for The Independent in 1996, before it had gained any Michelin Stars awards. He discovered that Blumenthal was cooking foie gras in sherry to give it a nutty flavour, but Rogers was not sure if this was warranted. He praised a jambonneau of duck, but found the monkfish rubbery. He described the menu as "awkwardly written, badly punctuated, and at points quite impenetrable".[41] After the Fat Duck received its first Michelin star, David Fingleton visited it for The Spectator in 1999, and wrote that the experience was "beyond reproach; unsullied pleasure from start to finish".[42]

In 2001, Terry Durack reviewed the Fat Duck for The Independent. He was initially hesitant, expecting tricks straight away, but was surprised to find a bowl of normal green olives on the table as he arrived. He did not enjoy a mustard ice cream in a red cabbage gazpacho soup, but described the restaurant as "great" and gave it a score of 17 out of 20.[43] In 2004, following the third Michelin star, Jan Moir of The Daily Telegraph gave it a negative review, saying that "while many of the flavours are politely interesting, the relentless pappy textures of mousses and foams and creams and poached meats really begins to grate".[44] She also found it overpriced, calling it the "Fat Profit".[44]

Matthew Fort reviewed the Fat Duck for The Guardian in 2005, and wrote that "there is no doubt that the Fat Duck is a great restaurant and Heston Blumenthal the most original and remarkable chef this country has ever produced".[45] In The Times, A. A. Gill recommended that people should "eat here at least once to find out what is really going on in your mouth".[46] Also in 2005, the German critic Wolfram Siebeck visited the restaurant and complained of the delays in service and of several of the dishes. He described the mustard ice cream in a red cabbage gazpacho soup as a "fart of nothingness".[47] The chef Nico Ladenis said, "Someone who makes egg and bacon ice cream is hailed a genius. If you vomit and make ice cream out of it, are you a star?"[9] Tony Naylor of The Guardian enjoyed his trip in 2008. He defended the price, likening the occasional purchase of an exceptional meal to spending on entertainment or hobbies.[48] In 2012, Fodor's described the Fat Duck as "extraordinary" and "one of the best restaurants in the country",[49] and Frommer's gave it three stars, grading it "exceptional".[50]

In 2005, the Fat Duck was ranked first on the list of the World's 50 Best Restaurants.[13] After spending 11 years on the list, it dropped to 73rd.[51] It has been ranked second-best on numerous occasions, first behind the French Laundry and then behind El Bulli.[9][52] In 2012, it was ranked 13th.[53] In 2009, the Fat Duck was the only restaurant to be given a top score of ten out of ten in the Good Food Guide.[54] The editor of the guide, Elizabeth Carter, wrote: "It's extremely rare that a restaurant cooks perfectly on a consistent basis, but we've had so many superlative reports that we're delighted to recognise the Fat Duck as the best restaurant in Britain."[29] It retained that score through to the 2013 edition.[citation needed] In 2010, it was named the Best UK Restaurant in the Quintessentially Awards, a scheme run by the Quintessentially Group.[55]

Gill reviewed the Fat Duck again in 2016, and gave the food five out of five and the atmosphere four. He wrote: "There is not another restaurant anywhere doing anything remotely this brave or this daft. It is so out there, it has left the food section altogether. This is what rocking, unmediated genius tastes like. Hidden under the big top of it all is still some of the finest food in the world."[56] Reviewing the Fat Duck for the Times in 2023, Tony Turnbull wrote that the menu had become more conventional, with better results: "By messing less with our brains, Blumenthal allows us to focus more on the complexities and multi-tiered flavour of the dishes, faultlessly executed by the head chef Edward Cooke. There we were thinking it was all about the conjuring show, when in fact — who knew? — it was just about putting delicious things in our mouths." Turnbull said his meal was the best of his three visits.[40]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "The Fat Duck – AA Review". Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  2. ^ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1136208)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  3. ^ a b c d "Heston Blumenthal: Why snail porridge consumes me". CNN. 14 September 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  4. ^ a b Bowcott, Owen (16 January 2004). "Fat Duck gives Bray something to crow about". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  5. ^ Apple Jr., R. W. (21 May 2000). "New Math: A Chef Adds Science to the Saucepan". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  6. ^ "Caterer and Hotelkeeper 100: Heston Blumental, the Fat Duck, Dinner, the Hind's Head, the Crown". Caterer and Hotelkeeper. 1 July 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  7. ^ Rayner, Jay (24 February 2002). "The Riverside Brasserie, Bray". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
  8. ^ "Village hogs top restaurants". BBC News. 16 January 2004. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  9. ^ a b c d "'Snail porridge' chef's top award". BBC News. 21 April 2004. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  10. ^ a b c Lander, Nicholas (6 July 2007). "Duck that lays the golden egg". Financial Times. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  11. ^ "BMW Square Meal Award – Hall of Fame". Square Meal. Monomax Ltd. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  12. ^ Singh, Anita (27 February 2009). "Heston Blumenthal's Fat Duck closes over food poisoning scare". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  13. ^ a b "2005 Award Winners". The World's 50 Best Restaurants. Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  14. ^ a b Vines, Richard (8 October 2007). "Fat Duck, Le Gavroche Triumph in U.K. Restaurant Service Awards". Bloomberg. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  15. ^ The Big Fat Duck Cookbook. Bloomsbury. 20 October 2008. ISBN 978-0747583691.
  16. ^ AFP
  17. ^ "Fat Duck illness 'not sabotage'". BBC News. 2 March 2009. Retrieved 16 May 2009.
  18. ^ "Fat Duck sicknesses rise to 400". BBC News. 6 March 2009. Retrieved 16 May 2009.
  19. ^ "Fat Duck reopens after illnesses". BBC News. 12 March 2009. Retrieved 16 May 2009.
  20. ^ a b c Wallop, Harry (10 September 2009). "Fat Duck: sewage-infested oysters to blame for illness says official report". The Daily Telegraph. London.
  21. ^ "Infected staff worked at Fat Duck". BBC News. 20 March 2009. Retrieved 16 May 2009.
  22. ^ "Heston Blumenthal's Fat Duck 'had largest norovirus outbreak'". BBC News. 6 December 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  23. ^ Siu, Beatrice (21 November 2012). "Celebrity chef identifies taxi victims". The Standard. Archived from the original on 6 April 2013.
  24. ^ Masters, Sam (20 November 2012). "Two Fat Duck chefs killed in Hong Kong". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022.
  25. ^ Rychter, Tacey (31 March 2014). "Heston Blumenthal to Open The Fat Duck in Melbourne". Broadsheet.
  26. ^ Hyslop, Leah (16 September 2015). "Michelin Guide 2016: Japanese restaurants in London win coveted stars". The Telegraph.
  27. ^ Alexander, Saffron (3 October 2016). "Michelin Guide 2017: The Ritz and London's oldest Indian restaurant win coveted star". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  28. ^ Viner, Brian (18 November 2000). "The Fat Duck: The chef's special". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2012. (subscription required)
  29. ^ a b c d Dixon, Rachel (15 August 2008). "Blumenthal finds perfection at the Fat Duck". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  30. ^ Rayner, Jay (15 February 2004). "The man who mistook his kitchen for a lab". The Observer. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  31. ^ Scott, Chloe. "A peek inside Heston's food lab". The Metro. Archived from the original on 6 September 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  32. ^ a b Wood, Zoe; Smithers, Rebecca (6 July 2011). "Heston Blumenthal's Fat Duck restaurant gets 30,000 calls a day". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  33. ^ "The Fat Duck". The Automobile Association. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  34. ^ Rayner, Jay (19 October 2008). "First, take your snails and your porridge..." The Observer. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  35. ^ Ennen, Steve (1 February 2002). "Taking flavor to the molecule". Food Processing. Archived from the original on 11 June 2014. Retrieved 21 September 2012. (subscription required)
  36. ^ Gerard, Jasper (1 July 2009). "Heston Blumenthal: my new Alice in Wonderland menu". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  37. ^ Sarah Rogozen (31 December 2013). "Heston Blumenthal on Recreating Lewis Carroll's Mock Turtle Soup". KCRW. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  38. ^ Vines, Richard (17 August 2008). "Fat Duck Meets Mock Turtle in Blumenthal's Lab". Bloomberg. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  39. ^ Bacci, Francesca; Melcher, David (4 August 2011). Art and the Senses. OUP Oxford. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-19-923060-0.
  40. ^ a b Turnbull, Tony (18 April 2024). "Less fun, superior food — the Fat Duck is back". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  41. ^ Rogers, Ben (14 September 1996). "Out for a duck". The Independent. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2012. (subscription required)
  42. ^ Fingleton, David (6 March 1999). "Restaurant: The Fat Duck and Chez Bruce". The Spectator. ProQuest 201295767. (subscription required)
  43. ^ Durack, Terry (2 December 2001). "Eating Out: Thinking man's crumpet". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2012. (subscription required)
  44. ^ a b Moir, Jan (31 January 2004). "Are you ready to order? This week: Fat Duck". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  45. ^ Fort, Matthew (19 April 2005). "A humble pub's extraordinary journey to gastronomic greatness". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  46. ^ Gill, A.A. (17 April 2005). "The Fat Duck". The Times. ProQuest 316789754. (subscription required)
  47. ^ Harding, Luke (18 June 2005). "Fat Ducks, farts, foaming green tea and the man from Die Zeit". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  48. ^ Naylor, Tony (22 January 2008). "Fat Duck, big bill". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  49. ^ "Fat Duck". Fodor's. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  50. ^ "The Fat Duck". Frommer's. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  51. ^ "The Fat Duck – The World's 50 Best Restaurants". Retrieved 28 May 2015.
  52. ^ Vines, Richard (26 April 2010). "El Bulli, Fat Duck Face Challenge". Bloomberg. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  53. ^ Butcher, Craig (1 May 2012). "13th: The Fat Duck, Bray, UK". MSN Food. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  54. ^ Singh, Anita (27 February 2009). "Heston Blumenthal's Fat Duck closes over food poisoning scare". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  55. ^ Vines, Richard (2 June 2010). "Nobu Berkeley Wins Best Bar, Fat Duck Triumphs in U.K. Awards". Bloomberg. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  56. ^ Gill, A. A. (18 April 2024). "Table Talk: AA Gill reviews The Fat Duck, Bray, Berkshire". The Sunday Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 18 April 2024.

Further reading

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