Fathers of Confederation

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The Fathers of Confederation are the 36 people who attended at least one of the Charlottetown Conference of 1864 (23 attendees), the Quebec Conference of 1864 (33 attendees), and the London Conference of 1866 (16 attendees), preceding Canadian Confederation. Only eleven people attended all three conferences.

Table of participation

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The following table lists the participants in the Charlottetown, Quebec, and London Conferences and their attendance at each stage.[1][2]

Participant[2] Portrait Province (Current) Charlottetown Quebec City London
Sir Adams George Archibald
 
Nova Scotia Yes Yes Yes
George Brown
 
Ontario Yes Yes No
Sir Alexander Campbell
 
Ontario Yes Yes No
Sir Frederick Carter
 
Newfoundland No Yes No
Sir George-Étienne Cartier
 
Quebec Yes Yes Yes
Edward Barron Chandler
 
New Brunswick Yes Yes Yes
Jean-Charles Chapais
 
Quebec No Yes No
James Cockburn
 
Ontario No Yes No
George Coles
 
Prince Edward Island Yes Yes No
Robert B. Dickey
 
Nova Scotia Yes Yes No
Charles Fisher
 
New Brunswick No Yes Yes
Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt
 
Quebec Yes Yes Yes
John Hamilton Gray
 
Prince Edward Island Yes Yes No
John Hamilton Gray
 
New Brunswick Yes Yes No
Thomas Heath Haviland
 
Prince Edward Island No Yes No
William Alexander Henry
 
Nova Scotia Yes Yes Yes
Sir William Pearce Howland
 
Ontario No No Yes
John Mercer Johnson
 
New Brunswick Yes Yes Yes
Sir Hector-Louis Langevin
 
Quebec Yes Yes Yes
Andrew Archibald Macdonald
 
Prince Edward Island Yes Yes No
Sir John A. Macdonald
 
Ontario Yes Yes Yes
Jonathan McCully
 
Nova Scotia Yes Yes Yes
William McDougall
 
Ontario Yes Yes Yes
Thomas D'Arcy McGee
 
Quebec Yes Yes No
Peter Mitchell
 
New Brunswick No Yes Yes
Sir Oliver Mowat
 
Ontario No Yes No
Edward Palmer
 
Prince Edward Island Yes Yes No
William Henry Pope
 
Prince Edward Island Yes Yes No
John William Ritchie
 
Nova Scotia No No Yes
Sir Ambrose Shea
 
Newfoundland No Yes No
William H. Steeves
 
New Brunswick Yes Yes No
Sir Étienne-Paschal Taché
 
Quebec No Yes No
Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley
 
New Brunswick Yes Yes Yes
Sir Charles Tupper
 
Nova Scotia Yes Yes Yes
Edward Whelan
 
Prince Edward Island No Yes No
Robert Duncan Wilmot
 
New Brunswick No No Yes

Group photographs and paintings

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Other possible claimants to title

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Four other individuals have been labelled as Fathers of Confederation. Hewitt Bernard, who was the recording secretary at the Charlottetown Conference, is considered by some to be a Father of Confederation.[3] The leaders most responsible for bringing three specific provinces into Confederation after 1867 are also referred to as Fathers of Confederation.[1]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Fathers of Confederation". CanadianHistory. 2008. Archived from the original on 2010-08-21. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
  2. ^ a b Bélanger, Claude (2001). "Studies on the Canadian Constitution and Canadian Federalism". Department of History, Marianopolis College. Archived from the original on 2010-06-11. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
  3. ^ Harrison, Robert A (2003). The conventional man. Canadian Legal History by University of Toronto Press. p. 627. ISBN 0-8020-8842-2. Archived from the original on 2018-03-28. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
  4. ^ The Heritage Centre. "Louis Riel The Provisional Government". Archived from the original on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 23 September 2007.
  5. ^ Frances, Stanford (2002). Canada's Confederation. S&S Learning Materials. p. 44. ISBN 1-55035-708-5. Archived from the original on 2018-03-28. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
  6. ^ Argyle, Ray (2012). Joey Smallwood, Schemer and Dreamer. Dundurn Press. ISBN 9781459703698.

Further reading

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