Wildlife of Iran

The wildlife of Iran include the fauna and flora of Iran.

One of the most famous animals of Iran is the critically endangered Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus), which today survives only in Iran.^[1]

History

The animals of Iran were described by Hamdallah Mustawfi in the 14th century. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin and Édouard Ménétries explored the Caspian Sea area and the Talysh Mountains to document Caspian fauna. Several naturalists followed in the 19th century, including Filippo de Filippi, William Thomas Blanford, and Nikolai Zarudny who documented mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian and fish species.^[2]

Flora

More than one-tenth of the country is forested. The most extensive forest is found on the mountain slopes rising from the Caspian Sea, with stands of oak, ash, elm, cypress, and other valuable trees. On the plateau proper, areas of scrub oak appear on the best-watered mountain slopes, and villagers cultivate orchards and grow the plane tree, poplar, willow, walnut, beech, maple, and mulberry. Wild plants and shrubs spring from the barren land in the spring and afford pasturage, but the summer sun burns them away. According to FAO reports, the major types of forests that exist in Iran and their respective areas are:^[3]

Caspian forests of the northern districts (33,000 km²)
Limestone mountainous forests in the northeastern districts (Juniperus forests, 13,000 km²)
Pistachio forests in the eastern, southern and southeastern districts (26,000 km²)
Oak forests in the central and western districts (100,000 km²)
Shrubs of the Dasht-e Kavir districts in the central and northeastern part of the country (10,000 km²)
Sub-tropical forests of the southern coast (5,000 km²) like the Hara forests.

More than 8,200 plant species are grown in Iran. The land covered by Iran's natural flora is four times that of the Europe's.

Persian ironwood is native to Northern Iran, but is widely planted elsewhere for aesthetic purposes
Fritillaria imperialis of Iran
The 4000-year-old Cypress of Abarqu, in Abarkuh
Juniperus excelsa polycarpos or Persian juniper
Avicennia marina trees (locally known as harra) of the mangrove forests of Qeshm
Trees in forests of Mazandaran

Fauna

Golden jackal

Iran's living fauna includes 34 bat species, Indian grey mongoose, small Indian mongoose, golden jackal, Indian wolf, foxes, striped hyena, leopard, Eurasian lynx, brown bear and Asian black bear.^[2] Ungulate species include wild boar, urial, Armenian mouflon, red deer, and goitered gazelle.^[4] Domestic ungulates are represented by sheep, goat, cattle, horse, water buffalo, donkey and camel. Bird species like pheasant, partridge, stork, eagles and falcons are also native to Iran.^{[citation needed]}

Long-legged buzzard
Long-eared hedgehog
Camels in Kavir National Park
Syrian brown bear (Ursus arctos syriacus) in Lar National Park, northern Iran

Endangered

An Asiatic cheetah

Persian fallow deer, surviving only in Iran and Israel

As of 2001, 20 of Iran's mammal species and 14 bird species were endangered. Endangered species in Iran include the Baluchistan bear, Asiatic cheetah, Caspian seal, Persian fallow deer, Siberian crane, hawksbill turtle, green turtle, Oxus cobra, Latifi's viper, dugong, Panthera pardus tulliana, Caspian Sea wolf, and dolphin. At least 74 species of Iranian wildlife are listed on the IUCN Red List, a sign of serious threats to the country's biodiversity. Majlis have shown disregard for wildlife by passing laws and regulations such as the act that lets the Ministry of Industries and Mines exploit mines without the involvement of the Department of Environment, and by approving large national development projects without demanding comprehensive study of their impact on wildlife habitats.^[5] The leopard's main range overlaps with that of bezoar ibex, which occurs throughout Alborz and Zagros mountain ranges, as well as smaller ranges within the Iranian Plateau. The leopard population is very sparse, due to loss of habitat, loss of natural prey, and population fragmentation. Apart from bezoar ibex, wild sheep, boar, deer, and domestic livestock constitute leopard prey in Iran.^[6]

Extinct

Aurochs (unknown date post-dating the Neolithic).
Cave hyena, native to Iran during the Last Glacial Period (as evidenced by remains in sites such as Wezmeh Cave), became extinct at an unknown date.^[7]
Narrow-nosed rhinoceros native to Iran during the Last Glacial Period, became extinct at an unknown date.^[7]
Hydruntine, extinct species of wild ass. Youngest records in Iran date to the 2nd millennium BC.^[8]
The Syrian elephant roamed southern Iran, before vanishing there in ancient times.^[9]
The Asiatic lion was recorded only in Iran's Khuzestan and Fars Provinces. The last sighting occurred in 1957 in the Dez River valley.^[10] In the 1970s, Arzhan National Park was considered as a site for its reintroduction.^[4]^[2]
The Caspian tiger used to occur in the northern region around the Caspian Sea, and in the Trans-Caucasian and Turkestani regions of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, before 1960. The last tiger in Iran was reportedly sighted in Golestan National Park in 1958.^[11]^[4]^[2]

Sasanian Empire relief of boar-hunting on domestic elephants, Taq-e Bostan, Iran
Men with a live lion in Persia, photographed by Antoin Sevruguin (1830s – 1933)
Caspian tiger killed in northern Iran in the early 1940s

References

^ Jowkar, H.; Hunter, L.; Ziaie, H.; Marker, L.; Breitenmoser-Wursten, C.; Durant, S. (2008). "Acinonyx jubatus ssp. venaticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T220A13035342. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T220A13035342.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Firouz, E. (2005). The Complete Fauna of Iran. London, New York: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-946-2.
^ "Unasylva - Vol. 8, No. 2 - The work of FAO". Fao.org. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c Humphreys, P.; Kahrom, E. (1999). Lion and Gazelle: The Mammals and Birds of Iran. Avon: Images Publishing. ISBN 0-9513977-6-1.
^ "74 Iranian wildlife species red-listed by Environment Department". Payvand.com. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
^ Sanei, A., Zakaria, M., Hermidas, S. (2011). Prey composition in the Persian leopard distribution range in Iran. Asia Life Sciences Supplement 7: 19–30.
^ ^a ^b Mashkour, M.; Monchot, H.; Trinkaus, E.; Reyss, J.‐L.; Biglari, F.; Bailon, S.; Heydari, S.; Abdi, K. (2009). "Carnivores and their prey in the Wezmeh Cave (Kermanshah, Iran): a Late Pleistocene refuge in the Zagros". International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 19 (6): 678–694. doi:10.1002/oa.997.
^ Özkan, M.; Gürün, K.; Yüncü, E.; Vural, K. B.; Atağ, G.; Akbaba, A.; Fidan, F. R.; Sağlıcan, E.; Altınışık, Ezgi N.; Koptekin, D.; Pawłowska, K.; Hodder, I.; Adcock, S. E.; Arbuckle, B. S.; Steadman, S. R. (2024). "The first complete genome of the extinct European wild ass (Equus hemionus hydruntinus)". Molecular Ecology. 33 (14). doi:10.1111/mec.17440.
^ Choudhury, A.; Lahiri Choudhury, D.K.; Desai, A.; Duckworth, J.W.; Easa, P.S.; Johnsingh, A.J.T.; Fernando, P.; Hedges, S.; Gunawardena, M.; Kurt, F. (2008). "Elephas maximus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T7140A12828813.
^ Khosravifard, S.; Niamir, A. (2016). "The lair of the lion in Iran". Cat News (Special Issue 10): 14−17.
^ Geptner, V. G.; Sludskij, A. A. (1992) [1972]. "Tiger". Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola [Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2. Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats)]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 95–202.

External links

[iucn-1] Jowkar, H.; Hunter, L.; Ziaie, H.; Marker, L.; Breitenmoser-Wursten, C.; Durant, S. (2008). "Acinonyx jubatus ssp. venaticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T220A13035342. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T220A13035342.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.

[Firouz05-2] Firouz, E. (2005). The Complete Fauna of Iran. London, New York: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-946-2.

[3] "Unasylva - Vol. 8, No. 2 - The work of FAO". Fao.org. Retrieved 6 January 2018.

[Humphreys1999-4] Humphreys, P.; Kahrom, E. (1999). Lion and Gazelle: The Mammals and Birds of Iran. Avon: Images Publishing. ISBN 0-9513977-6-1.

[5] "74 Iranian wildlife species red-listed by Environment Department". Payvand.com. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2018.

[6] Sanei, A., Zakaria, M., Hermidas, S. (2011). Prey composition in the Persian leopard distribution range in Iran. Asia Life Sciences Supplement 7: 19–30.

[:0-7] Mashkour, M.; Monchot, H.; Trinkaus, E.; Reyss, J.‐L.; Biglari, F.; Bailon, S.; Heydari, S.; Abdi, K. (2009). "Carnivores and their prey in the Wezmeh Cave (Kermanshah, Iran): a Late Pleistocene refuge in the Zagros". International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 19 (6): 678–694. doi:10.1002/oa.997.

[:4-8] Özkan, M.; Gürün, K.; Yüncü, E.; Vural, K. B.; Atağ, G.; Akbaba, A.; Fidan, F. R.; Sağlıcan, E.; Altınışık, Ezgi N.; Koptekin, D.; Pawłowska, K.; Hodder, I.; Adcock, S. E.; Arbuckle, B. S.; Steadman, S. R. (2024). "The first complete genome of the extinct European wild ass (Equus hemionus hydruntinus)". Molecular Ecology. 33 (14). doi:10.1111/mec.17440.

[iucn,_Syrian_elephant-9] Choudhury, A.; Lahiri Choudhury, D.K.; Desai, A.; Duckworth, J.W.; Easa, P.S.; Johnsingh, A.J.T.; Fernando, P.; Hedges, S.; Gunawardena, M.; Kurt, F. (2008). "Elephas maximus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T7140A12828813.

[10] Khosravifard, S.; Niamir, A. (2016). "The lair of the lion in Iran". Cat News (Special Issue 10): 14−17.

[Geptner1972-11] Geptner, V. G.; Sludskij, A. A. (1992) [1972]. "Tiger". Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola [Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2. Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats)]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 95–202.

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