Faustin Edmond Wirkus (Haitian Creole: (R)wa Faustin II Wirkus; 16 November 1896 – 8 October 1945)[2] was an American marine stationed in Haiti during the United States occupation of Haiti (1915–1934).[3][4] He was reputedly crowned Faustin II, King of La Gonâve, a Haitian island west of Hispaniola, by Queen Ti Memenne of La Gonâve on 18 July 1926, and co-ruled as monarch for 3 years until he was transferred by the United States Marine Corps to the United States mainland in 1929.[5]
| Faustin II | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.jpg) | |||||
| King of La Gonâve | |||||
| Reign | 18 July 1926 – 1929 | ||||
| Coronation | 18 July 1926 | ||||
| Co-monarch | Ti Memenne | ||||
| Born | 26 November 1896 Rypin, Greater Poland Province of the Polish Crown, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland | ||||
| Died | 8 October 1945 (aged 48) Brooklyn, New York, United States | ||||
| Burial | |||||
| Spouse | Yula Fuller | ||||
| |||||
| Religion | Roman Catholicism[1] | ||||
| Military career | |||||
| Allegiance | United States | ||||
| Service | United States Marine Corps | ||||
| Years of service | 1915 - 1931 (first term of service) 1939 - 1945 (second term) | ||||
| Rank |  Gunnery sergeant (upon original discharge in 1931) .png){kind=small} Marine gunner (after reenlistment in 1939) | ||||
| Battles / wars | United States occupation of Haiti | ||||
Early life
editAccording to an official biography,[5] Wirkus was born in 1896 in Rypin (Congress Poland, in the Russian Empire) a small town now in Poland, however, numerous ship passenger lists (records of the U.S. Customs Service) show his correct birth place as Pittston, Pennsylvania.[6] He and his parents settled in Dupont, Pennsylvania, a coal mining community northwest of Wilkes-Barre, where he was raised.[5] At the age of 11, he started sorting coal in Pittston.
Military career
edit
Wirkus enlisted in the US Marine Corps in 1915 and served in the 1st Advance Base Brigade in Haiti and rose to the rank of corporal in 1918 then to gunnery sergeant in 1920.[7] During his service in the Marine Corps, he was promoted to a lieutenant in the Garde d'Haiti, commanding a squad of native troops on La Gonâve. After rescuing a young woman in trouble, he found out that she was Queen Timemenne of La Gonâve. He was welcomed by the population as Timemenne had told them how kind he was to her, and in part, due to the unusual circumstance that he had the same first name as the former emperor of Haiti, Faustin Soulouque, later known as Faustin I ("Faustin the First"), who died in 1867. Somewhat bizarrely, the natives proclaimed him Faustin II in a Voodoo ritual[8] and he ruled jointly with Queen Timemenne for three years.[5][8][9] He became known for dispensing ready but gentle justice.[10]
Later life
editWirkus left the Marine Corps in 1931[11] as a gunnery sergeant. He returned to the Marine Corps in 1939 as a recruiting specialist where he rose to the rank of marine gunner.[7][12] In 1944 he was appointed an aviation gunnery instructor at the Chapel Hill, North Carolina Navy Pre-Flight School. He died at the Brooklyn Naval Hospital.[13]
Wirkus is buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia.[14]
In popular culture
editWirkus wrote an autobiographical account of his time in Haiti, with Taney Dudley and an introduction by William Seabrook, entitled The White King of La Gonave: The True Story of the Sergeant of Marines Who Was Crowned King on a Voodoo Island, published by Doubleday, Doran and Company, Inc. in 1931.[5][8] Seabrook also published Wirkus' account of the occupation in his travel narrative, The Magic Island.[15]
A 1933 featurette titled Voodoo produced by Sol Lesser featured Wirkus telling his story.[16]
References
edit- ^ Rowe, John Carlos (2000). Literary Culture and U.S. Imperialism: From the Revolution to World War II. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198030119.
- ^ Fausten (sic) Wirkus. "New York, New York, Death Index, 1862-1948". Ancestry.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
- ^ "Marine King". TIME. 26 January 1931. Archived from the original on 15 December 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- ^ Marine Corps Institute (U.S.)., Leatherneck Association, Marine Corps Association Volume 62 1979 [1]
- ^ a b c d e Crumley, Beth (29 August 2011). "Warrant Officer Faustin Wirkus: From 'Breaker Boy' to King". Marine Corps Association and Foundation. Marine Corps Association. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
- ^ Faustin E. Wirkus. "New York, Passenger Lists, 1820-1957". Ancestry.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
- ^ a b "Wirkus, Faustin, WO". Roll of Honor. TogetherWeServed. Archived from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- ^ a b c Wirkus, Faustin E.; Dudley, Taney (2015) [1931]. The White King of La Gonâve: The True Story of the Sergeant of Marines Who Was Crowned King on a Voodoo Island. Introduction by William E. Seabrook and a new introduction by Sam Sloan. New York: Ishi Press. p. 333. ISBN 978-4871872393.
- ^ Department of the Navy -Naval Historical Society Archived 8 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Rotberg, Robert I.; Clague, Christopher K. (1971). Haiti: The Politics of Squalor. Houghton Mifflin.
- ^ Ferguson, James (July 2015). "Faustin Wirkus: for king and country?". Caribbean Beat. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- ^ Myers, Robert H. (26 February 1944). "Marine Sergeant Who Was King Of 12,000 Natives on Voodoo Isle". Cambridge Sentinel. Vol. XXXIX, no. 9. Cambridge, MA. p. 7. Archived from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- ^ United Mine Workers Journal, 15 November 1945
- ^ Faustin Edmond Wirkus - WARR OFF US Marine Corps. "U.S. Veterans Gravesites, ca.1775-2006". Ancestry.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
- ^ Renda, Mary A. (2001). Taking Haiti: Military Occupation and the Culture of U.S. Imperialism, 1915-1940. University of North Carolina Press. p. 4. ISBN 9780807862186. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- ^ "Voodoo". IMDb. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
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