English: 1444 map of eastern Europe, showing the Golden Horde (later Great Horde) and khanates which recently broke away from it: the Crimean Khanate, the Nogai Horde, the Uzbek Khanate, and the Khanate of Kazan. Also showing the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (in personal union with Poland), the republics of Novgorod and Pskov, and the principalities of Muscovy, Ryazan and Tver. These Rus' principalities continued paying tribute (dan') to various khanates until 1699, but gradually increased their autonomy.
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Captions
1444 map of eastern Europe, showing various khanates, the GD of Lithuania, the republics of Novgorod and Pskov, Muscovy, Ryazan and Tver.