English: A scheme of using PACE to evolve orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Without synthetase activity, T7 RNAP cannot be fully translated due to the presence of an Amber stop codon. Upon introduction of a functioning synthetase for the Amber codon tRNA, this Amber stop codon now encodes a non-canonical amino acid, allowing for the transcription of the full T7 RNAP and hence allowing gIII transcription.
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