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• Tongue positions of Daniel Jones' cardinal back vowels (adapted from Jones 1972: 32).
• Cardinal vowels #5 and #8 [u, ɑ] were adapted by Jones from x-ray photographs of his mouth.
• Cardinal vowels #6 and #7 [o, ɔ] are approximate.
• The tongue positions were determined by placing a thin metal chain on Jones' tongue while saying the vowels and then photographing them.
• The four large dots indicate the highest point of tongue for each vowel.

• Jones, Daniel. (1972). An outline of English phonetics (9th ed.). Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons Ltd.

• Image:Cardinal vowel tongue position-front.png
• Image:Cardinal vowels-Jones x-ray.jpg

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