English: This is a sketch showing the rotation of water within a wave. This slows the hydrodynamic flow over the rudder of the boat, because it is in a part of the wave that is going in the same direction as the boat. Any unbalanced forces on the boat cannot be corrected by the helmsman, creating a risk of broaching. The relationships between (a) boat speed and wave speed and (b) wavelength and water-line length are important risk factors.
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