This illustration shows a polar coordinate system for specification of the direction of vectors (arrows) originating from or aiming at the origin (i.e. x=y=0). It is especially useful for explanation of the concept of the BDRF (bidirectional reflectance distribution function) with the illuminating beam incident on the plane sample (object of measurement) and one scattered ray emerging from the origin of the coordinate system. The direction of the arraows is specified by an angle of inclination, theta, measured from the surface normal of the sample (blue vertical arrow) and an azimut angle, phi, measured counterclockwise from the positive x-axis. The azimut specifies the direction of the projection of the arrow on the sample plane, here shown by its shadow.
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