The Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (FSWR), more commonly referred to as Red Finland, was a self-proclaimed socialist state in Finland during the Finnish Civil War from January to May 1918.
Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1918 | |||||||||
| Motto: "Kaikkien maiden proletaarit, liittykää yhteen!" "Workers of the world, unite!" | |||||||||
| Anthem: Kansainvälinen The Internationale | |||||||||
 | |||||||||
| Capital | Helsinki | ||||||||
| Common languages | Finnish, Swedish | ||||||||
| Government | Socialist republic under a one-party proletarian dictatorship | ||||||||
• Chairman of the Finnish People's Delegation | Kullervo Manner[1] | ||||||||
| Legislature | Finnish People's Delegation | ||||||||
| Historical era | |||||||||
• Established | 29 January 1918 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 5 May 1918 | ||||||||
| Currency | Markka | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Finland Russia | ||||||||
The FSWR was established by the Finnish People's Delegation, a government formed by members of the Social Democratic Party to rival the existing Government of Finland, with support of the Red Guards. The FSWR controlled the capital Helsinki, most of southern Finland, and the city of Oulu until March. Kullervo Manner served as its sole leader as Chairman of the Central Committee of the Finnish People's Delegation.[1] The FSWR collapsed when the Red Guards were defeated by the White Finns and Germany, with Manner and most of the Finnish People's Delegation fleeing to Soviet Russia.
The name "Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic" (Finnish: Suomen sosialistinen työväentasavalta) appeared only in the Treaty between Finnish People's Delegation and Russian Council of People's Commissars, signed on 1 March 1918. The People's Delegation had earlier used the name Republic of Finland (Suomen tasavalta), but Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin proposed adding "Socialist Workers' Republic" into the name during negotiations. The People's Delegation later blamed its delegates for succumbing to Lenin's demand, since the official name of the state should have been decided by the Finns themselves.
Aims
editRed Finland/FSWR was an attempt to establish a socialist state, based on the legacy of Scandinavian-Finnish culture, socialist ideas originating from Central Europe, including plans to expand the Finnish territory. Their political visions included principles of democracy, but as Red Finland was primarily the formation of revolution and civil war, the acts of violence and warfare were emphasized in the policy. The Red Guards included a minor faction of Finnish Bolsheviks who supported association of FSWR to Soviet Russia. FSWR/Red Finland never gained a true status and form of state and republic as the Reds lost the Civil War on 5 May 1918.[2]
Geographical area
editThe geographical area of Red Finland as well as the front line between White and Red Finland took shape approximately between 28 January and 3 February 1918, and it remained largely unchanged until the general offensive of the Whites in March 1918.[3]
Draft constitution
editThe Finnish People's Delegation, mainly Otto Ville Kuusinen[citation needed], formulated and set forth, on 23 February 1918, a draft for a constitution of Red Finland/FSWR, on the basis of the Finnish Social Democratic principles and mentality. The Marxist concept of dictatorship of the proletariat was absent from the program. Instead, it represented an idea of democratic socialism and it was influenced by the constitutions of Switzerland and United States, and French Revolution. The constitution model included most of democratic civil rights for the Finnish citizens, including an extensive use of referendum in political decision making, but private property rights were excluded and given to state and local administration. The draft was never finally formulated and approved in Red Finland, before the defeat of FSWR in the 1918 war.[4]
The political situation after the January Revolution in Finland raised a major question in terms of the constitution draft, among the Finnish (moderate) socialists. The question arose if the power gained via revolution would allow democracy a true chance in Finnish society. The relation between democracy and revolution was contradictory for the socialists, as the February Revolution empowered the lamed Finnish Parliament, until July 1917; restoration of the socialists' power in the Parliament was among the main goals of the January Revolution 1918. The Finnish Red-White conflict of 1918 has been described as Class War, Rebellion, (Red) Revolt and Abortive (Red) Revolution by the Finnish Red veterans.[5]
Relations with Lenin
editAlthough the Finnish Socialist Worker's Republic was supported by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), led by Vladimir Lenin, and the 1 March 1918 Red Treaty was signed between these two unstable socialist states, an ideal level of co-operation and co-ordination was never achieved, due to both states being preoccupied with their own respective civil wars. The goal of the Finnish Reds' majority was a neutral and independent Finland, and some of them demanded annexation of Aunus, Viena Karelia and Petsamo areas of Russian Karelia to Finland. The Russian-Finnish Red treaty had only minor importance for the Bolsheviks as they carried out peace negotiations with the German Empire. In the end, the fate of the Finnish Reds and FSWR was determined through the power political decisions made between Russia and Germany. Edvard Gylling was the prime mover at the start of the Finnish-Russian talks for the Red Treaty; among other things he aimed to work for peace talks between the Finnish Whites and Reds, by diminishing the Russian influence in Finland. The Finnish Bolsheviks, few in number, but influential and active in the Finnish Red Guards supported Lenin's Russian federalism. The Finns got Petsamo, but the question of Aunus and Viena remained open.[6]
Lenin aimed to halt a complete collapse of Russia after the revolutionary year 1917. While in political opposition prior to the October Revolution, Lenin emphasized the policy of nations' right to self-determination for the former parts of the Russian Empire. After the successful seizure of power in October 1917 and in January 1918, the Bolsheviks' power political strategy shifted gradually toward federalism. As for Finland, Lenin plotted its annexation by Russia, but the Russian Civil War, German-Russian Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Finland-operation of the German Army, the victory of the White Guards in the Finnish civil war and the marked nationalism among the Finnish socialists stalled his plan. Lenin's "socialist" power policy followed that of the former Romanov empire; the geopolitical position of a country determined the way it was treated by the Russian leadership (e.g. Poland-Ukraine vs. Finland).[7]
Civil war
editAfter the start of the Finnish Civil War, on January 28, 1918, Kullervo Manner was appointed chairman of the People's Delegation, the Red Government. On April 10 of the same year, the Reds reformed their entire administration and Manner was appointed leader of the Red Finland and the Supreme Commander of the Red Guard under the authority of the dictator.[8]
The warfare between the Reds and Whites took major attention and energy of the Red leadership, and the situation was not alleviated by the loss of many strategically important sites, such as Tampere, to the Whites.[8] Therefore, the formation of the local Red civil administration remained unfinished and waited for the result of the Civil War. The top and middle-rank civil servants of the pre-civil war administration refused to co-operate with the Reds, and new leadership had to be chosen and trained from the lower rank servants.[9]
Defeat
edit
The Finnish Civil War ended with the German invasion of Finland and the consequent defeat of the Finnish Red Guards and the FSWR on 5 May 1918. After the war, the initially powerful and well-organized Finnish Social Democrats, who were born and bred in the relatively free and nationalistic social atmosphere, within the Scandinavian and Russian cultures and affected primarily by socialist ideas of Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia (pre-World War I Austria-Hungary), were split into two. The moderate socialists continued their pre-1918 political culture, adhered to the society and political system of Finland, and the far-left faction formed the Communist Party of Finland in August 1918 in Moscow, with its main leaders living in exile in Russia and being many of the supporters living in Finland.[10]
See also
edit
- Eero Haapalainen
- Republic of Finland
- Finnish Democratic Republic — short-lived Soviet puppet government during World War II
- Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic
- Kingdom of Finland (1918)
- Kullervo Manner
- Otto Wille Kuusinen
- Revolutions of 1917–23
- Santeri Nuorteva
References
edit- ^ a b Hodgson, John H. (March 1970). "The Finnish Communist Party". Slavic Review. 29 (1). Cambridge University Press: 70–85. doi:10.2307/2493091. JSTOR 2493091.
- ^ Rinta-Tassi 1986, pp. 73–113, 417–429; Klemettilä 1989, pp. 163–203; Keränen et al. 1992, pp. 88, 106; Pietiäinen 1992, pp. 252–403; Manninen 1995, pp. 21–32; Jussila 2007, pp. 287–288; Jyränki 2014, pp. 10–16
- ^ Keränen et al. 1992, pp. 88–90
- ^ Upton 1973, pp. 105–142; Rinta-Tassi 1986, pp. 19–24, 30–33, 497–504; Alapuro 1988, pp. 167–176; Keränen et al. 1992, pp. 88, 102; Piilonen 1993, pp. 486–627; Jussila 2007, pp. 287–288; Suodenjoki 2009, pp. 249–269; Payne 2011, pp. 25–32
- ^ Kettunen 1986, pp. 9–89; Rinta-Tassi 1986, pp. 497–504; Piilonen 1993, pp. 486–627; Kalela 2008, pp. 31–44
- ^ Upton 1981, pp. 262–265; Rinta-Tassi 1986, pp. 417–429; Klemettilä 1989, pp. 163–203; Keränen et al. 1992, pp. 106; Pietiäinen 1992, pp. 252–403; Piilonen 1993, pp. 486–627; Manninen 1995, pp. 21–32; Jussila 2007, pp. 287–288; Jyränki 2014, pp. 83–96
- ^ Rinta-Tassi 1986, pp. 24–28; Klemettilä 1989, pp. 163–203; Pipes 1996, pp. 382–406; Jussila 2007, pp. 282–288
- ^ a b "Tampere antautui, Suomi 80" [Tampere surrendered, Finland 80] (in Finnish).
- ^ Piilonen 1993, pp. 486–627; Suodenjoki 2009, pp. 249–269
- ^ Rinta-Tassi 1986, pp. 19–22, 497–504; Jussila 2007, pp. 287–288; Haapala 2014, pp. 21–50
Bibliography
- Alapuro, Risto (1988). State and Revolution in Finland. University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN 0-520-05813-5.
- Haapala, Pertti (2014). "The Expected and Non-Expected Roots of Chaos: Preconditions of the Finnish Civil War". In Tepora, T.; Roselius, A. (eds.). The Finnish Civil War 1918. History, Memory, Legacy. Brill Academic Press. pp. 21–50. ISBN 978-900-4243-66-8.
- Jussila, Osmo (2007). Suomen historian suuret myytit [The great myths of Finnish history] (in Finnish). WSOY. ISBN 978-951-0-33103-3.
- Jyränki, Antero (2014). Kansa kahtia, henki halpaa. Oikeus sisällissodan Suomessa? [A nation divided, spirit cheap. Justice in the civil war in Finland?] (in Finnish). Art House. ISBN 978-951-884-520-4.
- Kalela, Jorma (2008). "Yhteiskunnallinen kysymys ja porvarillinen reformismi" [Social question and bourgeois reformism]. In Pernaa, V.; Niemi, K. Mari (eds.). Suomalaisen yhteiskunnan poliittinen historia [The political history of Finnish society] (in Finnish). Edita. pp. 31–44. ISBN 978-951-37-5321-4.
- Keränen, Jorma; Tiainen, Jorma; Ahola, Matti; Ahola, Veikko; Frey, Stina; Lempinen, Jorma; Ojanen, Eero; Paakkonen, Jari; Talja, Virpi; Väänänen, Juha (1992). Suomen itsenäistymisen kronikka [Chronicle of Finland's independence] (in Finnish). Gummerus. ISBN 951-20-3800-5.
- Kettunen, Pauli (1986). Poliittinen liike ja sosiaalinen kollektiivisuus: tutkimus sosialidemokratiasta ja ammattiyhdistysliikkeestä Suomessa 1918-1930 [Political movement and social collectivity: a study of social democracy and the trade union movement in Finland 1918-1930]. Historiallisia tutkimuksia (in Finnish). Jyväskylä: Gummerus. ISBN 951-9254-86-2.
- Klemettilä, Aimo (1989). "Lenin ja Suomen kansalaissota" [Lenin and the Finnish Civil War]. In Numminen, J.; Apunen, O.; von Gerich-Porkkala, C.; Jungar, S.; Paloposki, T.; Kallio, V.; Kuusi, H.; Jokela, P.; Veilahti, V. (eds.). Lenin ja Suomi II [Lenin and Finland II] (in Finnish). Opetusministeriö. pp. 163–203. ISBN 951-860-402-9.
- Manninen, Ohto (1995). "Vapaussota - osana suursotaa ja Venäjän imperiumin hajoamista" [War of Independence - as part of the Great War and the disintegration of the Russian Empire]. In Aunesluoma, J.; Häikiö, M. (eds.). Suomen vapaussota 1918. Kartasto ja tutkimusopas [Finnish War of Independence 1918. Atlas and research guide] (in Finnish). W. Söderström. pp. 21–32. ISBN 951-0-20174-X.
- Payne, Stanley G. (2011). Civil War in Europe, 1905-1949. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-64815-9.
- Pietiäinen, Jukka-Pekka (1992). "Suomen ulkopolitiikan alku" [The beginning of Finland's foreign policy]. In Manninen, O. (ed.). Itsenäistymisen vuodet 1917–1920, III Katse tulevaisuuteen [The years of independence 1917–1920, III Looking to the future] (in Finnish). pp. 252–403. ISBN 951-37-0729-6.
- Piilonen, Juhani (1993). "Rintamien selustassa". In Manninen, O. (ed.). Itsenäistymisen vuodet 1917-1920, II Taistelu vallasta [The years of independence 1917-1920, II Struggle for power] (in Finnish). pp. 486–627. ISBN 951-37-0728-8.
- Pipes, Richard (1996). A Concise History of the Russian Revolution. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. ISBN 0-679-74544-0.
- Rinta-Tassi, Osmo (1986). Kansanvaltuuskunta Punaisen Suomen hallituksena [People's delegation as the government of Red Finland] (in Finnish). Opetusministeriö. ISBN 951-860-079-1.
- Suodenjoki, Sami (2009). "Siviilihallinto" [Civil administration]. In Haapala, P.; Hoppu, T. (eds.). Sisällissodan pikkujättiläinen [The Little Giant of the Civil War] (in Finnish). W. Söderström. pp. 246–269. ISBN 978-951-0-35452-0.
- Upton, Anthony F. (1973). The Communist Parties of Scandinavia and Finland. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-99542-1.
- Upton, Anthony F. (1981). Vallankumous Suomessa 1917-1918, II [Revolution in Finland 1917-1918, II] (in Finnish). Gummerus Oy. ISBN 951-26-2022-7.
External links
edit- Treaty of Friendship with the Finnish Socialist Workers’ Republic, a Russian-Finnish treaty.
- Treaty with the Finnish Socialist Workers’ Republic, Lenin's writings on the matter.