First Jewish Revolt coinage was issued by the Jews after the Zealots captured Jerusalem and the Jewish Temple from the Romans in 66 CE at the beginning of the First Jewish Revolt. The Jewish leaders of the revolt minted their own coins to emphasize their newly obtained independence from Rome.
History
editIn the Revolt's first year (66–67 CE), the Jews minted only silver coins, which were struck from the Temple's store of silver. The newly minted silver coins included shekels, half-shekels, and quarter-shekels, each being labelled with the year of minting and their denomination.[2] and depict a chalice on the obverse with the year of the revolt above, surrounded by the ancient Hebrew inscription "Shekel of Israel". Three budding pomegranates are featured on the reverse, with the inscription "Jerusalem the Holy".[3]
During the second (67–68 CE) and third (68–69 CE) years of the Revolt bronze prutah coins were issued, depicting an amphora, and with the date and the Hebrew inscription (חרות ציוןhola Herut Zion)"The Freedom of Zion".
In the fourth year of the revolt (69–70 CE) three large sizes of bronze coins were minted, possibly because the supplies of Temple silver were diminishing. It is believed by numismatists that these coins were fractions of a shekel. The smaller of these coins also has the depiction of a chalice, together with symbols of the Jewish harvest festival of Sukkot, a lulav and etrog, and the date and inscription "For the Redemption of Zion". This coin is usually called an 'eighth', probably being an eighth of a shekel. There is broad scholarly agreement that coins issued by the Judean government during the Revolt use an archaic Hebrew script and Jewish symbols including pomegranate buds, lulavs, etrogs, and phrases including "Shekel of Israel," and "The Freedom of Zion" (חרות ציון Herut Zion,) as political statements intended to rally support for independence.[4]
The medium size coin has the same inscription, with the denomination "reva" (quarter) inscribed. An etrog is depicted on the obverse, and two lulav are on the reverse. The larger of the three bronze coins are inscribed "chatzi" (half). On the obverse a lulav and etrog are again depicted, with a palm tree and baskets on the reverse.[3] These coins are sometimes referred to as 'Masada coins'.
Interpretation
editAccording to David Goodblatt, the use of the term "Freedom to Zion" on circulating coinage aimed to convey the rebels' goals to the masses, mobilizing them to fight for Zion. This can be compared to the ideals expressed in modern Zionism, particularly in the anthem "Hatikvah," suggesting that the rebels' ideology may be characterized as an early form of Zionism, "Zion nationalism."[5]
See also
edit
- Historical currencies in Judaea
- Judaean and Judaea-related coinage
- List of historical currencies
References
edit- ^ Frederic Madden, History of Jewish Coinage and of Money in the Old and New Testament, page ii
- ^ Silver shekel of the First Jewish Revolt from Rome in the British Museum
- ^ a b Coins from the First Revolt on Jewish Virtual Library
- ^ Ariel, Donald T. "Judaea and Rome in Coins, 65 BCE–135 CE.", The Numismatic Chronicle 174 (2014): 385–91. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44710215.
- ^ Goodblatt, David, ed. (2006), "Zion Nationalism", Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 202–203, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499067.008, ISBN 978-0-521-86202-8, retrieved 2024-09-26
Further reading
edit- Roth, Cecil. 1962. "The Historical Implications of the Jewish Coinage of the First Revolt." Israel Exploration Journal 12, no. 1: 33–46.