Wikipedia

Seymour Expedition

(Redirected from First intervention, Seymour Expedition, China 1900)

The Seymour Expedition (Chinese: 西摩爾遠征) was an attempt by a multinational military force to march to Beijing and relieve the Siege of the Legations and foreign nationals from attacks by Qing China's government troops and the Boxers in 1900. The Chinese army and Boxer fighters defeated the Seymour armies and forced them to return to Tianjin (Tientsin). It was followed later in the summer by the successful Gaselee Expedition.

Seymour Expedition
Part of Boxer Rebellion

Admiral Seymour returning to Tianjin with his wounded men
Date10–28 June 1900
Location
Tianjin, China
Result Chinese victory[1]
Belligerents
United Kingdom
Germany
 Russia
 France
 United States
 Japan
 Italy
 Austria-Hungary		  Qing China
Yìhéquán
Commanders and leaders
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Edward Seymour
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland David Beatty
German Empire Guido von Usedom
Russian Empire Nikolai Linevich
United States Bowman McCalla
Empire of Japan Yamashita Gentarō
Kingdom of Italy Carlo Caneva
Austria-Hungary Georg von Trapp		 Qing dynasty Dong Fuxiang
Qing dynasty Ma Fulu
Qing dynasty Ma Fuxiang
Qing dynasty Ma Haiyan
Qing dynasty Yao Wang
Qing dynasty Nie Shicheng
Ni Zanqing
Strength
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 916 marines
German Empire 540 soldiers
Russian Empire 312 sailors
French Third Republic 158 sailors
United States 112 marines
Empire of Japan 54 sailors
Kingdom of Italy 40 soldiers
Austria-Hungary 25 sailors
2,157 total		 Tenacious Army
3,000 Muslim Kansu Braves
2,000 Boxers
Casualties and losses
62 dead
232 wounded[2]		 Unknown

Historical background

edit
Main article: Boxer Rebellion
 
Vice-Adm. Sir Edward Hobart Seymour

Boxer bands advanced on Beijing in May and June 1900. The Qing court was ambivalent about the Boxers, fearing that they might become anti-Qing. The Boxers became a serious threat to Western and Japanese citizens, murdering missionaries and Chinese Christians living northern China. The diplomatic legations in Beijing requested that guards be sent to protect them. As such, more than 400 marines and naval troops from eight countries arrived in Beijing on 31 May.[3] However, as the Boxers began posing a more significant threat, it became apparent that additional troops were needed. On 9 June, Sir Claude Maxwell MacDonald, the British Minister in China, cabled Vice-Admiral Edward Hobart Seymour, commander of the British navy's China Station, that the situation in Beijing was becoming more serious and that troops should be landed with all arrangements made for an advance to Peking [Beijing] at once.[3]

Responding to MacDonald's message, Seymour assembled in 24 hours a force of more than 2,000 sailors and marines from European, American, and Japanese warships. He prepared to embark for Beijing by train from Tianjin, 75 miles away.[4] His force consisted of 916 British, 455 Germans, 326 Russians, 158 French, 112 Americans, 54 Japanese, 41 Italians, and 26 Austrians.[4] Seymour's Chief of Staff was Capt. John Jellicoe.

The diplomats in Beijing anticipated that Seymour would arrive on 11 June. They neither requested the imperial court's permission nor informed the court of their intentions. They had, in effect, launched an invasion.

Advance toward Beijing

edit
 
The route of Seymour's Expedition

Seymour commandeered five trains in Tianjin and departed for Beijing with his entire force on the morning of 10 June. On the first day, the soldiers travelled 25 miles without incident, crossing a bridge at Yancun over the Hai River unopposed; although Chinese Gen. Nie Shicheng and thousands of his soldiers were camped there, Nie's soldiers were friendly and did not attack.[5] Nie had let Seymour's army slip past because he had deliberately been issued contradictory orders by Ronglu, a Manchu political and military leader who was working to derail the efforts to capture the legations.[6] The next few days went slowly, as Seymour had to repair railroad tracks and fight off Boxer attacks as his trains advanced. On 14 June, several hundred Boxers armed with swords, spears, and clumsy gingals attacked Seymour twice and killed five Italian soldiers. The Americans counted 102 Boxer bodies left on the battlefield at the end of one battle.[7]

The Chinese government had reversed its earlier positions after learning of the invasion, deciding to absorb the Boxer forces and order the army to defend against Seymour's march to the capital.[8]

Battle of Langfang

edit
Main article: Battle of Langfang
 
Boxer Rebellion and Eight-Nation Alliance, China 1900-1901

Gen. Dong Fuxiang, along with his Kansu (Chinese Muslim) Braves, prepared to ambush the invading western army. Gen. Ma Fuxiang and Gen. Ma Fulu personally planned and led the attack, with a pincer movement around the European force.[9] On 18 June, Dong Fuxiang's troops, stationed at Hunting Park in southern Beijing, attacked at multiple points, including Langfang. The force of 5,000 included cavalrymen armed with modern rifles.[10][11] The foreign troops, especially the Germans, fought off the attack, killing hundreds of Chinese at a loss of seven dead and 57 wounded. The Kansu Braves lost 200 and the Boxers another 200. The need to care for the wounded, a lack of supplies, and the likelihood of additional Chinese attacks led Seymour and his officers to decide to retreat to Tianjin.[12][13] The Chinese army's unexpected attack on Seymour was a response to the European and Japanese attack on the Dagu Forts two days previously, because of which the Chinese government decided to resist Seymour's army and kill or expel all foreigners in northern China.[14]

During one of the battles at Langfang, Boxers armed with swords and spears charged the British and Americans. The British were armed with .303 Lee–Metford rifles, while the Americans carried with them the M1895 Lee Navy. At point-blank range one British soldier had to fire four bullets into a Boxer before he stopped, and American Capt. Bowman McCalla reported that single rifle shots were not enough: multiple rifle shots were needed to halt a Boxer.[15]

The retreat

edit

Seymour turned his five trains around and headed back toward Tianjin. However, he found that either the Boxers or the Chinese Army had destroyed the bridge across the Hai River he had crossed previously. The expedition would either have to cross the river by boat and walk 18 miles to Tianjin along the railroad, or follow the river for 30 miles to Tianjin. The sailors, perhaps more comfortable near water, chose to follow the river, even though the railroad route was shorter and ran through open country. Along the heavily populated river banks were large Boxer forces in villages every one-half mile.[16]

Seymour's retreat down the Hai River was slow and difficult, covering only three miles the first day. Additional casualties included Capt. Jellicoe, who suffered a near-fatal wound.[17] By 22 June, the soldiers were out of food and down to fewer than 10 rounds of ammunition per man, except for the Americans who had brought ample ammunition. However, they reportedly never considered surrendering.[18]

On 23 June, six miles from Tianjin, Seymour came across the Chinese army's Xigu fort and arsenal which, inexplicably, was nearly undefended. The foreign soldiers took refuge in the arsenal, which contained a wealth of arms and ammunition, along with some food. Realizing their mistake in leaving the arsenal undefended, the Chinese army attempted to dislodge Seymour's forces, which were now well provisioned and so repelled the Chinese attacks.[19]

A Chinese servant of the British slipped through to Tianjin and requested rescue for Seymour. A force of 2,000 soldiers marched out of the city to the arsenal on 25 June, and escorted Seymour's men back to Tianjin the next day. The Chinese did not oppose their passage. A missionary reported their arrival in Tianjin: "I shall never forget to my dying day, the long string of dusty travel-worn soldiers, who for a fortnight had been living on quarter rations, and fighting every day . . . the men were met by kind ladies with pails of tea which the poor fellows drunk as they had never drunk before – some bursting into tears."[20] Of the initial 2,000 men in the Seymour expedition, there were 62 dead and 232 wounded.[21]

The besieged foreigners in the legations in Beijing, unaware of the defeat of Seymour's forces, still thought that Seymour was almost there and that they would be saved.[22] Even the Chinese government at the time did not know either that their own forces had turned Seymour's armies back.[23]

Assessment

edit

The Seymour expedition was "a serious failure" and a "humiliation".[24] Seymour had underestimated his Chinese opponent, trusting that he could push through to Beijing quickly with little or no opposition. Instead, "Seymour's expedition became a large moving target for the Boxers and Imperial troops. The would-be rescuers ... required rescue themselves."[25] The Western and Japanese soldiers and civilians in Beijing were subjected to a 55-day siege by the Boxers and Chinese army. It took more than a month after the Seymour expedition for the Eight-Nation Alliance to organize a larger and better-equipped army to defeat the Chinese and march on Beijing in order to relieve the siege of the legation quarter.

The Boxers charged the foreigners with swords, spears, rifles, and gingals; most of them were boys and common peasants, rather than professional troops. The Boxers sometimes faked death and then sprang back up at the troops to attack; an Allied soldier, Bigham, said they had no "fear" or "hesitation".[26]

The expedition had failed for several reasons. The main reason was the drastic underestimation of Chinese resistance.[27] The London Spectator pointed out that the expedition was "to embark on the assumption that any force of Europeans however small can beat any force of Chinamen however large."[28] Further reasons include the lack of communication between the expedition and Tianjin-based command, due to the cutting of telegraph lines, the over-reliance on rail transport and lack of preparedness in guarding the railway lines, and the overall lack of strategic planning and vision of Admiral Seymour.[29]

Notes

edit
  1. ^ Paul A. Cohen (1997). History in three keys: the boxers as event, experience, and myth. Columbia University Press. p. 49. ISBN 0-231-10651-3. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  2. ^ Fleming, p. 89
  3. ^ a b Harrington 2001, p. 34.
  4. ^ a b Leonhard 2011, p. 11.
  5. ^ Marina Warner (1974). The dragon empress: life and times of Tz'u-hsi, 1835-1908, Empress dowager of China (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cardinal. p. 227. ISBN 0-351-18657-3. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
  6. ^ Leonhard 2011, p. 12.
  7. ^ Thompson, Larry Clinton. William Scott Ament and the Boxer Rebellion: Heroism, Hubris, and the Ideal Missionary. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2009, p. 61
  8. ^ Jonathan R. Adelman, Zhiyu Shi (1993). Symbolic war: the Chinese use of force, 1840-1980. Vol. 43 of Institute of International Relations English monograph series. Institute of International Relations, National Chengchi University. p. 132. ISBN 957-9368-23-6. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
  9. ^ 马福祥 (in Chinese), China LX Net, archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
  10. ^ Arthur Henderson Smith (1901). China in Convulsion. Vol. 2. Fleming Revell. p. 441. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  11. ^ Ralph L. Powell (1955). Rise of the Chinese Military Power. Princeton University Press. pp. 113–. ISBN 978-1-4008-7884-0.
  12. ^ Davids, p. 107.
  13. ^ Bacon, Admiral RH The Life of John Rushworth, Lord Jellicoe. London: Cassell, 1936, p. 108
  14. ^ Davids, p. 83; Fleming p. 103
  15. ^ Robert B. Edgerton (1997). Warriors of the Rising Sun: A History of the Japanese Military. WW Norton & Co. p. 72. ISBN 0-393-04085-2. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
  16. ^ Thompson, p. 103
  17. ^ Bacon, 109-111
  18. ^ Wurtzbaugh, Lt. Daniel W. "The Seymour Relief Expedition." Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute, June 1902, p. 215
  19. ^ Bigham, Charles Clive. A Year in China. London: Macmilian, 1901, p. 187
  20. ^ Bacon, p. 116
  21. ^ Fleming, p. 89
  22. ^ Nat Brandt (1994). Massacre in Shansi. Syracuse University Press. p. 181. ISBN 9780815602828. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
  23. ^ Peter Fleming (1990). The Siege at Peking: The Boxer Rebellion. Dorset Press. p. 97. ISBN 0-88029-462-0. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
  24. ^ Marilyn Blatt Young (1969). The rhetoric of empire: American China policy, 1895-1901. Vol. 36 of Harvard East Asian series. Harvard University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-19-626522-3. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
  25. ^ Leonhard 2011, p. 13.
  26. ^ Diana Preston (2000). The boxer rebellion: the dramatic story of China's war on foreigners that shook the world in the summer of 1900. USA: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 94. ISBN 0-8027-1361-0. Retrieved 4 March 2011.
  27. ^ Paul Henry Clements (1915). The Boxer rebellion: a political and diplomatic review, Volume 66, Issues 1-3. New York: Columbia University. p. 134. Retrieved 1 September 2011. Report of Seymour to Admiralty, China No. 3 (1000), no. 219.
  28. ^ Lanxin, Xiang (2003). The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study. Routledge. p. 265. ISBN 0-7007-1563-0.
  29. ^ Elliott, Jane E. (2002). Some Did It for Civilisation Some Did It for the County: A Revised View of the Boxer War. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. ISBN 962-996-066-4.

References

edit

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seymour_Expedition&oldid=1232138087"