Hibiscus trionum, commonly called flower-of-an-hour,[2] bladder hibiscus, bladder ketmia,[2] bladder weed, puarangi and venice mallow,[2] is an annual plant native to the Old World tropics and subtropics. It has spread throughout southern Europe both as a weed and cultivated as a garden plant. It has been introduced to the United States as an ornamental where it has become naturalized as a weed of cropland and vacant land, particularly on disturbed ground.
| Hibiscus trionum | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Malvaceae |
| Genus: | Hibiscus |
| Species: | H. trionum
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| Binomial name | |
| Hibiscus trionum | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Description
editThe plant grows to a height of 20–50 centimetres (8–20 in), sometimes exceeding 80 cm (30 in), and has white or yellow flowers with a purple centre. In the deeply pigmented centre of the flower, the surface features striations, which have been the subject of controversy about whether they act as a diffraction grating, creating iridescence.
The pollinated but unripe seedpods look like oriental paper lanterns, less than 25 mm (1 in) across, pale green with purple highlights.
The flowers of Hibiscus trionum can set seed via both outcrossing and self-pollination. During the first few hours after anthesis, the style and stigma are erect and receptive to receive pollen from other plants. In the absence of pollen donation, the style bends and makes contact with the anthers of the same flower, inducing self-pollination.[3] Although outcrossing plants seem to perform better than self-pollinating plants,[4] this form of reproductive assurance might have contributed to the success of H. trionum plants in several environments.[5]
Photonic properties
editInitial studies showed that artificial replicas of the flower surface produced iridescence that bees could recognise.[6] Later work suggested that the irregularities of the plant cells and surface resulted in the periodicity of the striations being too irregular to create clear iridescence[7][8] and thus suggested that the iridescence is not visible to man and flower visiting insects.[9][10] More recent papers have presented evidence that the flower is both visibly and measurably iridescent,[11] and the striations have been shown to be sufficiently irregular to generate particularly strong scattering of light at short wavelengths, producing weak iridescence and a 'blue halo' (of which the halo is the dominant visible effect).[12] It has also been demonstrated that the blue scattering increases the foraging efficiency of bumblebees in laboratory environments,[12] although it remains unknown whether this effect translates to a meaningful advantage in the field.[10][11]
Botanical gallery
editPhotos from Antalya except where indicated
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Plant form -
Plant form, tall -
Flower (S. Africa) -
Stigma in Flower -
Flower, side, showing epicalyx at base and upper leaf -
Fruiting calyx, inflated -
Fruiting calyx, inflated, above -
Fruiting calyx, inflated, side -
Fruiting calyx, inflated, underside, showing many-part epicalyx -
Fruiting calyx, gone-over -
Fruit, inside inflated calyx -
Fruit, inside inflated calyx -
Fruit, mature -
Fruit, mature, compartments -
Fruit, mature, compartments -
Fruit segment, matured -
Fruit segments, matured (Vienna) -
Leaf, upperside (lower) -
Leaves, lower -
Leaf, underside -
Annual stem base, coarsely haired
References
edit- ^ "The Plant list: A Working List of All plant Species".
- ^ a b c "Hibiscus trionum". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
- ^ Buttrose, M. S.; Grant, W. J. R.; Lott, J. N. A. (1977). "Reversible curvature of style branches of Hibiscus trionum L., a pollination mechanism". Australian Journal of Botany. 25 (5): 567. doi:10.1071/BT9770567.
- ^ Seed, L.; Vaughton, G.; Ramsey, M. (2006). "Delayed autonomous selfing and inbreeding depression in the Australian annual Hibiscus trionum var. Vesicarius (Malvaceae)". Australian Journal of Botany. 54: 27. doi:10.1071/BT05017.
- ^ Ramsey, M.; Seed, L.; Vaughton, G. (2003). "Delayed selfing and low levels of inbreeding depression in Hibiscus trionum (Malvaceae)". Australian Journal of Botany. 51 (3): 275. doi:10.1071/BT02128.
- ^ Whitney, H. M.; Kolle, M.; Andrew, P.; Chittka, L.; Steiner, U.; Glover, B. J. (2009). "Floral Iridescence, Produced by Diffractive Optics, Acts As a Cue for Animal Pollinators". Science. 323 (5910): 130–133. Bibcode:2009Sci...323..130W. doi:10.1126/science.1166256. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 19119235. S2CID 598227.
- ^ Lee, David W. (2007). Nature's Palette: The Science of Plant Color. University of Chicago Press. pp. 255–6. ISBN 978-0-226-47105-1.
- ^ Van Der Kooi, C. J.; Wilts, B. D.; Leertouwer, H. L.; Staal, M.; Elzenga, J. T. M.; Stavenga, D. G. (2014). "Iridescent flowers? Contribution of surface structures to optical signaling" (PDF). New Phytologist. 203 (2): 667–73. doi:10.1111/nph.12808. PMID 24713039.
- ^ Morehouse, N.I.; Rutowski, R.L. (2009). "Comment on "Floral Iridescence, Produced by Diffractive Optics, Acts As a Cue for Animal Pollinators"". Science. 325 (5944): 1072. Bibcode:2009Sci...325.1072M. doi:10.1126/science.1173324. PMID 19713509. S2CID 206519690.
- ^ a b Van Der Kooi, C. J.; Dyer, A. G.; Stavenga, D. G. (2015). "Is floral iridescence a biologically relevant cue in plant-pollinator signaling?" (PDF). New Phytologist. 205 (1): 18–20. doi:10.1111/nph.13066. PMID 25243861.
- ^ a b Vignolini, Silvia; Moyroud, Edwige; Hingant, Thomas; Banks, Hannah; Rudall, Paula J.; Steiner, Ullrich; Glover, Beverley J. (2015). "The flower of Hibiscus trionum is both visibly and measurably iridescent". New Phytologist. 205 (1): 97–101. doi:10.1111/nph.12958. ISSN 0028-646X. PMID 25040014.
- ^ a b Moyroud, Edwige; Wenzel, Tobias; Middleton, Rox; Rudall, Paula J.; Banks, Hannah; Reed, Alison; Mellers, Greg; Killoran, Patrick; Westwood, M. Murphy; Steiner, Ullrich; Vignolini, Silvia; Glover, Beverley J. (2017). "Disorder in convergent floral nanostructures enhances signalling to bees". Nature. 550 (7677): 469–474. Bibcode:2017Natur.550..469M. doi:10.1038/nature24285. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 29045384. S2CID 4228378.
- Pink, A. (2004). Gardening for the Million. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.
- Hilty, John (2012). "Flower-of-an-Hour". Illinois Wildflowers. John Hilty. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
External links
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