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Flower Mound, Texas

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Flower Mound is an incorporated town[Note 1] located in Denton and Tarrant counties in the U.S. state of Texas.[4][5] Located northwest of Dallas and northeast of Fort Worth adjacent to Grapevine Lake, the town derives its name from a prominent 12.5-acre (5.1 ha) mound located in the center of town.

Flower Mound, Texas
Town
Nickname(s): 
FloMo, The Mound
Location of Flower Mound in Denton County, Texas
Location of Flower Mound in Denton County, Texas
Coordinates: 33°02′03″N 97°06′50″W / 33.03417°N 97.11389°W / 33.03417; -97.11389
CountryUnited States
StateTexas
CountiesDenton, Tarrant
IncorporatedFebruary 25, 1961 (1961-02-25)
Government
 • TypeCouncil–manager
Area
[1]
 • Town
44.48 sq mi (115.20 km2)
 • Land41.96 sq mi (108.67 km2)
 • Water2.52 sq mi (6.53 km2)
Elevation
[2]
604 ft (184 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Town
75,956
 • Density1,810.20/sq mi (698.96/km2)
 • Metro
6,447,615
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (Central)
ZIP Codes
75022, 75028, 75027
Area code(s)214, 469, 972, 682, 817
FIPS code48-26232[3]
GNIS feature ID2412634[2]
Websitewww.flower-mound.com

After settlers used the site for religious camps during the 1840s, the area around Flower Mound was first permanently inhabited in the 1850s; however, residents did not incorporate until 1961. Although an effort to create a planned community failed in the early 1970s, Flower Mound's population increased substantially when Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport opened to the south in 1974. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 75,956, reflecting a 17% increase over the 64,669 counted in the 2010 census.[6] Of the Texas municipalities that label themselves "towns", Flower Mound has the largest population. Flower Mound was the only town with a population greater than 20,000 in the 2020 census.

Flower Mound's municipal government, operating under a council–manager system, has invested in a public park system highlighted by an extensive network of trails. Lewisville Independent School District, which operates public schools, covers the majority of Flower Mound. With its moderately affluent population and proximity to the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, Flower Mound has used a smart growth system for urban planning, and has recently experienced more rapid light industrial growth to match the growing needs of the primarily residential community.

History

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Settlement in the area around Flower Mound began when the Presbyterians established a camp in the area in the 1840s.[7] A log cabin, dated around 1850, was discovered preserved within the walls of a home near Liberty Elementary in 2016, providing further proof of settlement. At first, the group held religious camps for two to three weeks at a time.[8] By 1854, residents had established the Flower Mound Presbyterian Church southwest of Lewisville in an area commonly referred to as "Long Prairie".[9][10] By 1920, the church had 126 members,[11] and the pine-framed building was expanded in 1937.[12] Early settlers such as Andrew Morriss and David Kirkpatrick are memorialized with street names in the town. The area remained sparsely populated for many decades after its initial settlement.

On February 25, 1961, the town voted to incorporate to avoid annexation by the City of Irving.[13] William Wilkerson, who became the town's second mayor, led the incorporation effort and helped improve the town's phone service and water supply.[14] In 1970, when Flower Mound had 1,685 residents, Edward S. Marcus and Raymond Nasher began a planned community project with $18 million in loan guarantees from the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development through their New Community program.[15] Called "Flower Mound New Town", the project included elements of the new towns movement, including collaboration with North Texas State University (now the University of North Texas) to move the school's administrative offices to Flower Mound and conduct all research for the project.[16] The project was featured in advertisements as late as 1974,[17] but it was abandoned after residents threatened to disannex a portion of the town to thwart the development.[18][19] The disannexation effort sharply divided the town, and led to a number of strongly contested elections between 1971 and 1976.[20] In 1976, Texas Monthly awarded the project its "Bum Steer Award" after the project lost its federal loan guarantees.[21]

The construction of Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport 4 miles (6.4 km) south of the town in 1974 sparked a period of rapid growth. Between 1980 and 1990, Flower Mound's population increased from 4,402 to 15,896. It reached 50,702 in 2000, an average annual increase of nearly 13 percent per year during the 1990s, making it the nation's tenth fastest-growing community.[22] Between 2000 and 2002, Flower Mound was the ninth fastest-growing municipality in the United States with a population of more than 50,000, and its population continued to increase by approximately five percent each year between 2000 and 2005. Controlled growth continues in central and western Flower Mound.

Geography

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Flower Mound is located approximately 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Dallas and 25 miles (40 km) northeast of Fort Worth on the border between Denton and Tarrant counties. The town is located almost entirely in Denton County, however it has areas that extend into Tarrant County.[4] It is situated on the basin of the Trinity River in the Eastern Cross Timbers subregion in Texas.[23] The town borders Lewisville to the east and a number of cities and towns to the north, including Highland Village, Double Oak, and Bartonville. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 43.4 square miles (112 km2).[3] Land comprises 41.39 square miles (107.2 km2) (95.37%) of the total area; Denton County soils include the Silawa, Nawo, Gasil series.[24] Water comprises 2.5 square miles (6.5 km2) (5.76%) of the total area; Grapevine Lake and Marshall Creek form much of the town's southern boundary. Flower Mound's climate is classified as humid subtropical; the town averages 233 sunny days per year and 79 days of precipitation.[25]

The town encourages conservation development projects to protect and preserve existing open space, vistas, and natural habitats while allowing for controlled growth. Much of the town is located on the Barnett Shale, and drilling for shale gas in close proximity to residential neighborhoods has sharply divided parts of the community.[26][27][28] In 1994, amateur fossil collector Gary Byrd discovered a fossilized example of a Hadrosaurid dinosaur among black shale rock formations in the southwestern edge of the town, near Grapevine Lake.[29] The fossilized creature from the Cenomanian age was named "Protohadros byrdi" in Byrd's honor.[30]

“The Mound”

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Flower Mound was named for a 12.5-acre (5.1 ha) hill approximately 50 feet (15 m) in height located close to the intersection of FM 3040 and FM 2499. The formation attracted the attention of early settlers to the area, and is often simply referred to as "The Mound". Part of the Texas blackland prairies, The Mound is typically covered by big bluestem, little bluestem, and Indian grasses.[31] During blooming seasons, dozens of varieties of flowers can grow on its slopes, often aided by the water retained by gilgai formations.[32] Though surrounded by commercial and residential development, The Mound is owned and maintained by The Mound Foundation, a non-profit private–public partnership. The group has advocated for a controlled burn on The Mound for many years,[33] and it expressed relief when an accidental New Year's Eve fire in late 2011 spurred the growth of wildflowers for the first time in years.[34]

Climate

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Climate data for Flower Mound, Texas
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 90
(32) 		96
(36) 		99
(37) 		102
(39) 		107
(42) 		108
(42) 		113
(45) 		113
(45) 		111
(44) 		103
(39) 		99
(37) 		89
(32) 		113
(45)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 54
(12) 		60
(16) 		68
(20) 		75
(24) 		82
(28) 		90
(32) 		95
(35) 		95
(35) 		87
(31) 		78
(26) 		65
(18) 		57
(14) 		76
(24)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 31
(−1) 		36
(2) 		44
(7) 		52
(11) 		61
(16) 		69
(21) 		73
(23) 		72
(22) 		65
(18) 		54
(12) 		43
(6) 		34
(1) 		53
(12)
Record low °F (°C) −3
(−19) 		−2
(−19) 		5
(−15) 		23
(−5) 		35
(2) 		48
(9) 		51
(11) 		52
(11) 		36
(2) 		16
(−9) 		10
(−12) 		6
(−14) 		−3
(−19)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.92
(49) 		2.41
(61) 		2.99
(76) 		3.40
(86) 		5.17
(131) 		3.63
(92) 		2.29
(58) 		2.16
(55) 		3.05
(77) 		4.38
(111) 		2.79
(71) 		2.65
(67) 		36.84
(936)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 0.6
(1.5) 		0.3
(0.76) 		0.3
(0.76) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		1.3
(3.3)
Source: [35]

Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
19701,685—
19804,402161.2%
199015,527252.7%
200050,702226.5%
201064,66927.5%
202075,95617.5%
2023 (est.)79,4454.6%
U.S. Decennial Census[6]

[36]

Flower Mound racial and ethnic composition as of 2020[37]
(NH = Non-Hispanic)[a]
Race Number Percentage
White (NH) 50,147 66.02%
Black or African American (NH) 2,560 3.37%
Native American or Alaska Native (NH) 290 0.38%
Asian (NH) 10,705 14.09%
Pacific Islander (NH) 30 0.04%
Some Other Race (NH) 317 0.42%
Mixed/Multi-Racial (NH) 3,466 4.56%
Hispanic or Latino 8,441 11.11%
Total 75,956

As of the 2010 United States census, there were 64,669 people and 14,269 families residing in 21,570 housing units in Flower Mound. The population density was 1,562 inhabitants per square mile (603/km2). As of the 2020 United States census, there were 75,956 people, 26,233 households, and 21,954 families residing in the town.[37]

In 2010, the racial and ethnic makeup of the town was 83.9% White, 3.2% African American, 0.1% Native American, 8.6% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.4% of the population. The average household size was 3.072 people.[3] Among the population in 2020, the racial and ethnic makeup was 66.02% non-Hispanic white, 3.37% African American, 0.38% Native American, 14.09% Asian American, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.42% some other race, 4.56% multiracial, and 11.11% Hispanic or Latino of any race; these statistics reflected nationwide trends of demographic diversification.[40][41]

According to a 2011 American Community Survey estimate, the median income for a household was $118,763, and the median income for a family was $126,336. Males had a median income of $95,284 versus $56,692 for females. The per capita income for the town was $44,042. About 2% of families and 3.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.5% of those under age 18 and 1.1% of those age 65 or over.[42]

The town's population is often noted for its moderately affluent, yet relatively transient residents. Although Flower Mound has the second-highest percentage of residents making over $100,000 in the nation,[43] Journalist Peter T. Kilborn named Flower Mound a "Reloville", a title used to describe suburban communities where management employees often relocate frequently; as of 2006, 57% of residents were born in another state or country.[44]

Economy

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The Lewisville Independent School District is the largest employer in the town, employing 1,647 (4.8% of the town's total employment).[45] The Town of Flower Mound employs 455. Between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2009, the town experienced job growth of 26.53%.[46] Due to the town's proximity to the DFW airport and many various major highways, a great number of businesses have recently moved some of their local operations into the town.

Adeptus Health was founded in 2002, with its first emergency room located in Flower Mound.[47]

Lakeside Business District

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The town of Flower Mound recognizes two major areas of current economic development: the Lakeside Business District and the Denton Creek District. The 265-acre (107 ha) Lakeside Business District includes plots of land zoned for various commercial and residential uses at the southern edge of town near the Grapevine Lake.[48] The project filed for bankruptcy in the year 2010,[49] but in February of the year 2012, the company Realty Capital unveiled a $1 billion and two dollar plan for a mixed-use development project within the district.[50] The members of the Flower Mound town council voted to approve the project in November of the year 2012,[51] and development of the 150-acre (61 ha) project was scheduled in six phases.[52] Construction on the first phase, which includes 45,000 square feet (4,200 m2) of commercial space, 170 loft apartments, and 170 home lots, began in April 2013.[53]

Denton Creek District

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In 2006, the town began to consider mixed-use development plans for the 1,500-acre (610 ha) Denton Creek District at the western edge of the town.[54][55] In 2010, the town began to provide infrastructural support to the area.[56] Additionally, developers broke ground on a 158-acre (64 ha) mixed-use riverwalk project in August 2013.[57] Residents were scheduled to vote on whether to approve public funding for the district for the 2013 general election.[58]

Parker Square

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The University of Las Colinas (2020) filmed at a shopping mall, the 2003 Society of American Registered Architects Design Award winning, David M. Schwarz Architects, Inc. designed, Parker Square, "a compact neighborhood center" "inspired by the traditional developments of American “main streets” and Texas small towns".[59][60][61][62][63][64][65]

Top employers

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According to Flower Mound's 2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report,[66] the top private sector employers in the town were:

# Employer # of Employees
1 Communications Test Design, Inc. (CTDI) 1,340
2 MI Windows & Doors 771
3 Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Flower Mound 700
4 Stryker Communications 480
5 Likewize 400
6 Thirty-One Gifts 375
7 Best Buy Distribution Center 250
7 FUNimation Entertainment 250
9 HD Supply 200
10 Ivie & Associates 190
X Top employer total 4,956

Parks and recreation

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The Flower Mound Community Activity Center, which opened in 2008[67]

The Town of Flower Mound operates 54 public parks and recreation facilities on 693 acres (280 ha) of space, nine of which (comprising 70 acres [28 ha]) are undeveloped as of 2012.[68] In June 2008, the town held the grand opening for its new $13.825 million community activity center, which includes meeting rooms, a day care facility, weight lifting equipment, an outdoor pool, and a 30-by-30-yard (25 m × 22.86 m) competition indoor pool.[67] In honor of Lance Corporal Jacob Lugo, the first military serviceman from Flower Mound to die in the line of duty, the town renamed Hilltop Park to Jake's Hilltop Park in 2008. Jake's Hilltop Park is made up of baseball/ softball fields. [69]

In 2016 Flower Mound completed and opened its first dog park, a 5-acre Hound Mound Dog Park, costing over $1 million.[70] In 2018 the Town of Flower Mound opened a 2000 sq. ft. splash pad as part of an addition to Heritage Park.[71]

Trail system

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In 1976, in response to environmental concerns and automobile traffic congestion, Flower Mound residents proposed adding a system of recreational bike paths around the town.[72] Initially, funding proved elusive, but by 1989 the first 1.3 miles (2.1 km) of multi-use trails had been constructed, partly funded by a grant from the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. In 2010, the town maintained 33 miles (53 km) of paved hiking and bicycling paths and 2 miles (3.2 km) of equestrian trails. The Purple Cone Flower trail starts in Stone Creek Park and is used by runners, walkers and dog walkers and bikers.

Additionally, the United States Army Corps of Engineers maintains 14 miles (23 km) of natural surface trails and 9 miles (14 km) of equestrian trails within the town limits, most of which are located around Grapevine Lake.[73] The North Shore trail starts at Rock Ledge Park and travels west through Murrell Park and Twin Coves Park. (now owned by flower mound). A dirt and rock surface trail used predominantly by mountain bikers,[74] hikers, trail runners and dog walkers.

Government

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The Town of Flower Mound has been a home rule municipality since 1981, and it has operated under a council–manager type of municipal government since 1989.[75] Residents elect five at-large members to the Flower Mound Town Council and one mayor. Members serve two-year terms.[76] In 1999, the town adopted a Strategically Managed And Responsible Town (SMART) Growth Program to manage both the rate and character of development in the community, and in 2000, the town officially adopted its SMARTGrowth management plan.[77] The program's goal was to create environmentally sensitive development and to mitigate the effects of urban sprawl.[Note 2] Political scientist Allan Saxe and attorney Terrence S. Welch have used Flower Mound's program as an example of a municipality attempting to slow growth.[79][80] In 2013, the town amended the portion of the plan pertaining to public schools; the changes spurred public debate between candidates for town council.[81]

According to the town's 2013–2014 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the town's various funds had $114.6 million in revenues, $101.8 million in expenditures, $513.3 million in total assets, $155.9 million in total liabilities, and $68.1 million in cash and investments.[82]

The structure of the management and coordination of town services is led by a town manager, deputy town manager and other roles.[83]

Education

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The town is mostly served by the Lewisville Independent School District. the western portion of Flower Mound is divided between the Argyle, Denton and Northwest Independent School Districts and the portion of Flower Mound that falls into Tarrant County is in the Grapevine-Colleyville Independent School District.[84][85]

The town is home to three separate high schools, Edward S. Marcus High School, Flower Mound High School, (both part of the Lewisville district) and Argyle ISDs new Argyle High School campus.

Private schools in the town include such educational facilities as:

ResponsiveEd, the Lewisville-based charter school operator, operates a Founders Classical Academy in Flower Mound; the campus is located in west Flower Mound at FM1171 (Cross Timbers) and Flower Mound Road.

North Central Texas College has a community college branch campus within Parker Square in the town of Flower Mound.[89] Midwestern State University has a branch facility, in conjunction with NCTC in the Parker Square location, which will offer master's degree programs amongst other services.

Infrastructure

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Transportation

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At the western edge of the town, U.S. Route 377 extends north–south parallel to Interstate 35W towards Denton and Fort Worth. Two of the major thoroughfares in the town of Flower Mound are farm-to-market roads: FM 1171, known in Flower Mound as the Cross Timbers Road, which runs east–west across the entire town towards Interstate 35E to the east and Interstate 35W to the west.[90] FM 2499 (which is known locally as Long Prairie) runs north–south and furnishes access to State Highway 121 and Interstate 635, north of DFW Airport.[91]

In the June 2012, the members of the Flower Mound Town Council approved a plan to develop and regulate a series of various bike lanes around the town.[92]

In the year 2012, the National Motorists Association released a poll listing Flower Mound as the "worst speed trap city" in North America with a population of over 50,002. Locals say it is not one anymore.[93]

Notable people

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Main page: Category:People from Flower Mound, Texas

Notes

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Explanatory notes

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  1. ^ Flower Mound refers to itself as the "Town of Flower Mound", with a "Town Hall" and a "Town Council", rather than the customary "city" label. However, under Texas law, all incorporated municipalities are considered to be cities.
  2. ^ In November 1999, then Texas Attorney General John Cornyn advised Texas House of Representatives member Bill G. Carter that under the SMARTGrowth program, the town could "cap" the number of building plans the town approves.[78]

Footnotes

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  1. ^ Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.[38][39]

Citations

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  1. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  2. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Flower Mound, Texas
  3. ^ a b c Census 2010.
  4. ^ a b County Information 2014.
  5. ^ "Population of Texas Cities and Towns Sorted by County". county.org. The County Information Project Texas Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 7, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
  6. ^ a b "Quick Facts Flower Mound, Texas". Census.gov. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
  7. ^ Bates 1918, p. 31.
  8. ^ Cannon 2004, p. 7.
  9. ^ Hervey 2002, p. 16.
  10. ^ Greene 1973.
  11. ^ Thompson 1920.
  12. ^ Jordan 1976, p. 147.
  13. ^ FMHC 1995, pp. 55–56.
  14. ^ Ackerman 2006.
  15. ^ New Town Report 1970, p. 1.
  16. ^ Rogers 2002, p. 509.
  17. ^ Texas Monthly 1974, p. 34.
  18. ^ New Town Report 1970, p. 5.
  19. ^ Minor 2011.
  20. ^ FMHC 1995, p. 63–66.
  21. ^ West 1976, p. 73.
  22. ^ SMARTgrowth 2012.
  23. ^ TPWD 2009.
  24. ^ Marks 1980, pp. 66–76.
  25. ^ Sperling & Sander 2006, p. 97.
  26. ^ Hawes 2010.
  27. ^ Hundley 2010.
  28. ^ Maxwell 2009.
  29. ^ FWMSH 2012.
  30. ^ Head 1998, p. 713.
  31. ^ Bowman 2004, pp. 101–103.
  32. ^ Bowman 2004, p. 33.
  33. ^ Bowman 2004, p. 31.
  34. ^ Hundley 2012a.
  35. ^ "Zipcode 75022". www.plantmaps.com. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  36. ^ Bureau, US Census. "City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2023". Census.gov. Retrieved November 15, 2024. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  37. ^ a b "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved May 22, 2022.
  38. ^ https://www.census.gov/ [not specific enough to verify]
  39. ^ "About the Hispanic Population and its Origin". www.census.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
  40. ^ Ura, Alexa; Kao, Jason; Astudillo, Carla; Essig, Chris (August 12, 2021). "People of color make up 95% of Texas' population growth, and cities and suburbs are booming, 2020 census shows". The Texas Tribune. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
  41. ^ Frey, William H. (July 1, 2020). "The nation is diversifying even faster than predicted, according to new census data". Brookings. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
  42. ^ ACS 2012.
  43. ^ Raghavan 2013.
  44. ^ Kilborn 2009, p. 232.
  45. ^ Springer 2012, p. 120.
  46. ^ Money 2010.
  47. ^ Daniel Salazar (June 25, 2014). "Lewisville-based emergency room provider has steady IPO Wednesday". Dallas Morning News. Retrieved September 1, 2014.
  48. ^ Carlisle 2012b.
  49. ^ Roark 2012a.
  50. ^ Carlisle 2012a.
  51. ^ Hundley 2012b.
  52. ^ Roark 2013.
  53. ^ Brown 2013a.
  54. ^ Estridge 2006.
  55. ^ Taylor 2006.
  56. ^ O'Flinn et al. 2010, p. 19.
  57. ^ Brown 2013b.
  58. ^ Pry 2013c.
  59. ^ "Parker Square". David M. Schwarz Architects, Inc. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
  60. ^ Gibbins, Greg Jake; Kordsmeier, Rich; Stanley, Larry. "The University of Las Colinas (2020)". IMDb. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
  61. ^ "555 Parker Square Rd Flower Mound, Texas". Maps. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
  62. ^ "Parker Square Park". Cultural Landscape Foundation. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
  63. ^ Olivier, Madi. "Local spots for your prom photo shoot". The Marquee. Edward S. Marcus High School. Retrieved July 6, 2021. Parker Square has older (sic) buildings and independent businesses, giving it a charming, small-town feel. What makes Parker Square special is its white gazebo, which is the perfect place for you to pose with your date and friends.
  64. ^ "Parker Square filling back up". Cross Timbers Gazette. Miller Media Holdings LLC. December 19, 2018. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
  65. ^
  66. ^ "ACFR - Flower Mound, TX - Official Website". www.flower-mound.com.
  67. ^ a b Payne 2008.
  68. ^ O'Flinn et al. 2012, pp. 6.
  69. ^ Roark 2008.
  70. ^ Jones, Caitlyn (August 17, 2018). "Denton City Council, public get first look at new dog park designs". Denton Record Chronicle. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
  71. ^ "Heritage Springs Splash Pad". flower-mound.com. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
  72. ^ Walker 1976, p. 2.
  73. ^ O'Flinn et al. 2010, p. 152.
  74. ^ http://www.dorba.org DORBA.org
  75. ^ Almanac 1996, p. 513.
  76. ^ Council 2012.
  77. ^ Pry 2013b.
  78. ^ Cornyn et al. 1999, p. 9.
  79. ^ Saxe 2009, p. 405.
  80. ^ Welch 2007, pp. 144–150.
  81. ^ Pry 2013a.
  82. ^ Town of Flower Mound 2013-14 CAFR Retrieved July 2, 2015
  83. ^ Town of Flower Mound FY2014-15 Budget Retrieved July 2, 2015
  84. ^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Denton County, TX" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved October 3, 2022.
  85. ^ "The Demographic Statistical Atlas of the United States - Statistical Atlas".
  86. ^ Lewisville Christian School
  87. ^ Grace Christian Academy
  88. ^ Temple Christian Academy
  89. ^ Roark 2011.
  90. ^ Map Book 2010.
  91. ^ O'Flinn et al. 2010, pp. 14–15.
  92. ^ Roark 2012b.
  93. ^ Bowman 2012.

General references

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Academic articles

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Books

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Magazine articles

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Maps

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Newspaper articles

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Websites

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Further reading

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