The foothill stipplethroat (Epinecrophylla spodionota), previously called the foothill antwren[2], is a species of bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds". It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.[3]
| Foothill stipplethroat | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Thamnophilidae |
| Genus: | Epinecrophylla |
| Species: | E. spodionota
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| Binomial name | |
| Epinecrophylla spodionota (Sclater, PL & Salvin, 1880)
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| Subspecies | |
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See text | |
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| Synonyms | |
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Myrmotherula spodionota | |
Taxonomy and systematics
editThe foothill stipplethroat was described by the English ornithologists Philip Sclater and Osbert Salvin in 1880 and given the binomial name Myrmotherula spodionota.[4] Based on genetic and vocal studies it and seven other members of that genus were moved to the newly created genus Epinecrophylla. All were eventually named "stipplethroats" to highlight a common feature and to set them apart from Myrmotherula antwrens.[5][6][7]
The foothill stipplethroat has two subspecies, the nominate E. s. spodionota (Sclater & Salvin, 1880) and E. s. sororia (von Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1894).[3]
Description
editThe foothill stipplethroat is 10 to 11 cm (3.9 to 4.3 in) long and weighs 9 to 10.5 g (0.32 to 0.37 oz). Adult males of the nominate subspecies have a mostly gray face and a black throat with white spots. They have a brown-tinged dark gray crown and back, a dark reddish yellow-brown rump, and a dark brown tail and flight feathers. Their wing coverts are blackish brown with pale buff or white tips. Their breast and upper belly are gray and their lower belly, flanks, and undertail coverts reddish yellow-brown. Adult females have a mostly yellow-ochre face, throat, and underparts; the throat has some darker mottling. Their upperparts are olive-brown with a buff tinge on the rump. Their wings and flight feathers are brown and their wing coverts brown with pinkish buff tips. Males of subspecies E. s. sororia have more olive upperparts than the nominate, with less reddish rump, flanks, and undertail coverts. Females have paler underparts than the nominate.[8][9][10]
Distribution and habitat
editThe nominate subspecies of the foothill stipplethroat is found on the east side of the Andes from southern Colombia south through Ecuador into northern Peru to the Marañón River. Subspecies E. s. sororia is found in Peru south of the Marañón as far as the Department of Madre de Dios. The species inhabits the understorey of foothill and lower montane evergreen forest. In Colombia it occurs between 600 and 1,400 m (2,000 and 4,600 ft), in Ecuador between 600 and 1,425 m (2,000 and 4,700 ft), and in Peru as low as 500 m (1,600 ft).[8][9][10]
Behavior
editMovement
editThe foothill stipplethroat is believed to be a year-round resident throughout its range.[8]
Feeding
editThe foothill stipplethroat feeds on arthropods, especially insects and probably spiders. It typically forages singly, in pairs, or in small family groups, and usually as part of a mixed-species feeding flock. It mostly forages in the forest understory up to about 4 m (10 ft) above the ground but occasionally as high as 8 m (25 ft). It takes its prey almost entirely by gleaning from dead leaves on trees and caught in vine tangles and small palms. It much less frequently feeds from mosses, bark, and live leaves.[8][9][10]
Breeding
editThe foothill stipplethroat's breeding season has not been defined but includes March. Nothing else is known about its breeding biology.[8]
Vocalization
editThe foothill stipplethroat's song is "a trill of abrupt, sibilant notes first ascending sharply and then gradually dropping in pitch". Its calls include a "short, high-pitched rattle".[8]
Status
editThe IUCN has assessed the foothill stipplethroat as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range; its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is considered uncommon to fairly common throughout its range. Though it occurs in some protected areas, "the lower Andean slopes to which this species is restricted are some of the areas most at risk of deforestation and cultivation by an ever-expanding human population".[8]
References
edit- ^ a b BirdLife International (2017). "Foothill Stipplethroat Epinecrophylla spodionota". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22701484A110787890. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22701484A110787890.en. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- ^ Gill F, D Donsker and P Rasmussen, P (Eds). 2020. IOC World Bird List (v 10.1). Doi 10.14344/IOC.ML.10.1. http://www.worldbirdnames.org/
- ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2024). "Antbirds". IOC World Bird List. v 14.1. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
- ^ Sclater, Philip L.; Salvin, Osbert (1880). "On new birds collected by Mr. C. Buckley in Eastern Ecuador". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (2): 155–161 [159].
- ^ Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 26 November 2023. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved November 27, 2023
- ^ Irestedt, Martin ; Fjeldså, Jon; Nylander, Johan A. A. & Ericson, Per G. P. (2004): Phylogenetic relationships of typical antbirds (Thamnophilidae) and test of incongruence based on Bayes factors. BMC Evol. Biol. 4: 23. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-23 Supplementary information Archived 2016-04-11 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Isler, M., D. Lacerda, P. Isler, S. Hackett, K. Rosenberg, and R. Brumfield (2006). Epinecrophylla, a new genus of antwrens (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 119(4): 522–527
- ^ a b c d e f g Zimmer, K. and M.L. Isler (2020). Foothill Stipplethroat (Epinecrophylla spodionota), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.fooant1.01 retrieved January 13, 2024
- ^ a b c Ridgely, Robert S.; Greenfield, Paul J. (2001). The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide. Vol. II. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 406–407. ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7.
- ^ a b c McMullan, Miles; Donegan, Thomas M.; Quevedo, Alonso (2010). Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Bogotá: Fundación ProAves. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-9827615-0-2.