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Fort-de-France (/ˌfɔːr də ˈfrɒ̃s/, US also /ˌfɔːrt də ˈfræns/, French: [fɔʁ də fʁɑ̃s] ; Martinican Creole: Fodfwans) is a commune and the capital city of Martinique, an overseas department and region of France located in the Caribbean.
Fort-de-France | |
|---|---|
Prefecture and commune | |
 .jpg)  .jpg)  Top: Fort-de-France skyline; Middle: Fort-de-France Cathedral,Fort Saint Louis; Bottom: Fort-de-France Town Hall, Regional Museum of History and Ethnography of Martinique | |
.svg) Coat of arms | |
 Location of the commune (in red) within Martinique | |
Location of Fort-de-France  | |
| Coordinates: 14°36′00″N 61°04′00″W / 14.60000°N 61.06667°W | |
| Country | France |
| Overseas region and department | Martinique |
| Arrondissement | Fort-de-France |
| Intercommunality | CA Centre de la Martinique |
| Government | |
| • Mayor (2020–2026) | Didier Laguerre[1] (PPM) |
Area 1 | 44.21 km2 (17.07 sq mi) |
| Population (2021)[2] | 74,921 |
| • Density | 1,700/km2 (4,400/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC−04:00 (AST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 97209 /97200 and 97234 (Quartier de Balata) |
| Elevation | 0–1,070 m (0–3,510 ft) |
| 1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |
History
editIn 1638, Jacques Dyel du Parquet (1606–1658), nephew of Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc and first governor of Martinique, decided to have Fort Saint Louis built to protect the city against enemy attacks. The fort was soon destroyed, and rebuilt in 1669, when Louis XIV appointed the Marquis of Baas as governor general. Under his orders and those of his successors, particularly the Count of Blénac, the fort was built with a Vauban design.
Originally named Fort-Royal, the administrative capital of Martinique was over-shadowed by Saint-Pierre, the oldest city in the island, which was renowned for its commercial and cultural vibrancy as "The Paris of the Caribbean".
The name of Fort-Royal was changed to a short-lived "Fort-La-Republique" during the French Revolution, and finally settled as Fort-de-France sometime in the 19th century. The old name of Fort-Royal is still used today familiarly in its Creole language form of "Foyal", with the inhabitants of the city being "Foyalais".
The city was captured by a British expedition which captured Martinique in 1762, but the island was returned to French control in the Treaty of Paris.[3] In 1839, the city was struck by a minor earthquake, and in 1890 saw an outbreak of fire which razed part of the city. By the turn of the 20th century, however, Fort-de-France became economically important after the volcanic eruption of Mount Pelée destroyed the town of Saint-Pierre in 1902.
Until 1918, when its commercial growth began, Fort-de-France had an inadequate water supply, was partly surrounded by swamps, and was notorious for yellow fever. Now the swamps are drained to make room for extensive suburbs.
On 3 August 1945, Fort-de-France's hydrobase became the site of Martinique's first fatal airliner crash. A Sikorsky S-43 (NC15066) on Pan Am Flight 216 arriving from Port of Spain at 10:11 was landed in poor weather conditions due to safety concerns by the crew and subsequently sank within 10 minutes, killing 4 of the 14 occupants.[4]
Geography
editFort-de-France, also known as the Fort of France, lies on Martinique's west coast at the northern entrance to the large Fort-de-France Bay, at the mouth of the Madame River. The city occupies a narrow plain between the hills and the sea but is accessible by road from all parts of the island.
Climate
editFort-de-France has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af), characterised by very warm to hot and humid weather year-round. The wettest months are from July to November when hurricanes are a frequent threat, although substantial rainfall occurs in all months. The hottest month on average is September, and the coldest month on average is February.
| Climate data for Fort-de-France (1991–2020 averages, extremes 1932–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 31.5 (88.7) |
32.1 (89.8) |
33.6 (92.5) |
33.0 (91.4) |
33.9 (93.0) |
33.6 (92.5) |
33.6 (92.5) |
33.0 (91.4) |
33.8 (92.8) |
33.0 (91.4) |
32.1 (89.8) |
31.3 (88.3) |
33.9 (93.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 27.7 (81.9) |
27.9 (82.2) |
28.5 (83.3) |
29.3 (84.7) |
29.8 (85.6) |
29.6 (85.3) |
29.7 (85.5) |
30.2 (86.4) |
30.5 (86.9) |
30.2 (86.4) |
29.2 (84.6) |
28.2 (82.8) |
29.2 (84.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 25.0 (77.0) |
24.9 (76.8) |
25.4 (77.7) |
26.2 (79.2) |
26.8 (80.2) |
27.0 (80.6) |
26.9 (80.4) |
27.3 (81.1) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.2 (81.0) |
26.4 (79.5) |
25.6 (78.1) |
26.4 (79.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.2 (72.0) |
22.0 (71.6) |
22.3 (72.1) |
23.1 (73.6) |
23.6 (74.5) |
24.3 (75.7) |
24.2 (75.6) |
24.4 (75.9) |
24.5 (76.1) |
24.2 (75.6) |
23.7 (74.7) |
23.0 (73.4) |
23.5 (74.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 17.8 (64.0) |
17.3 (63.1) |
18.6 (65.5) |
18.9 (66.0) |
19.9 (67.8) |
20.0 (68.0) |
18.4 (65.1) |
19.5 (67.1) |
17.9 (64.2) |
20.2 (68.4) |
19.7 (67.5) |
17.4 (63.3) |
17.3 (63.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 113.9 (4.48) |
76.5 (3.01) |
70.5 (2.78) |
108.8 (4.28) |
133.0 (5.24) |
154.1 (6.07) |
205.6 (8.09) |
246.7 (9.71) |
213.9 (8.42) |
243.0 (9.57) |
236.7 (9.32) |
147.8 (5.82) |
1,950.5 (76.79) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 18.6 | 14.1 | 12.2 | 12.6 | 13.2 | 17.0 | 20.6 | 19.2 | 17.2 | 18.0 | 19.2 | 18.1 | 200.0 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 204.2 | 197.6 | 222.1 | 209.5 | 207.5 | 190.3 | 201.5 | 224.6 | 205.3 | 187.4 | 183.2 | 204.0 | 2,437 |
| Source 1: Météo France[5][6][7] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteociel.fr (sunshine 1981-2010)[8] | |||||||||||||
Population
editGraphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 1961 | 84,811 | — |
| 1967 | 96,943 | +2.25% |
| 1974 | 98,807 | +0.27% |
| 1982 | 99,844 | +0.13% |
| 1990 | 100,080 | +0.03% |
| 1999 | 94,049 | −0.69% |
| 2007 | 89,794 | −0.58% |
| 2012 | 85,667 | −0.94% |
| 2017 | 80,041 | −1.35% |
| Source: SPLAF[9] and INSEE (1967-2017)[10] | ||
Naval port
editFort Saint Louis in Fort-de-France is a French naval base.
Government
editAs of 27 June 2021, the Mayor of Fort de France is Serge Letchimy replacing Alfred Marie-Jeanne as the new mayor of the capitol. With a participation rate of little over 44% the Letchimy Party Alians Matinik received 37,72% of the votes, whereas Marie Jeanna who came in a close second with Gran Sanblé Pou Matinik acquired 35,27% of the votes. The commune of Fort-de-France makes up Martinique's 3rd constituency for the National Assembly. [11]
Main sights
editIn addition to Fort Saint Louis, there are three other forts:
Other sites of interest include:
- Place de la Savane
- Schoelcher Library
- Jardin de Balata, a botanical garden
- Sacré-Cœur de Balata Church, a replica of the parisian Montmartre Church lodged on a cliff surrounded by tropical forest
- Fort-de-France Cathedral
A statue commemorating Martinique-born Empress Josephine, the wife of Napoleon, is in the gardens of La Savane. It was vandalized in the 1990s, presumably by individuals who blamed her for supporting the reestablishment of slavery on the island. They removed the head and splashed the body with red paint. It has been further vandalized and destroyed in 2020.[12]
Transport
editMartinique Aimé Césaire International Airport is located in a suburb outside Fort-de-France and is accessible via the A1 autoroute.
Notable people
edit- Manon Tardon (1913–1989), Resistance fighter
- Frantz Fanon (1925–1961), psychiatrist, political philosopher and revolutionary
- Julienne Salvat (1932–2019), teacher, poet, femme de lettres, actress
- Karine Jean-Pierre (born 1974), organizer, activist, White House Press Secretary (since 2022)
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.
- ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
- ^ * Robson, Martin (2016). A History of the Royal Navy: The Seven Years War. London: Taurus. pp. 171–173. ISBN 9781780765457.
- ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Sikorsky S-43 NC15066 Fort de France Hydrobase". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
- ^ "Données climatiques de la station de Fort de France" (in French). Météo France. Archived from the original on 27 June 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
- ^ "Climat Martinique". Météo France. Archived from the original on 27 June 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
- ^ "Fort–de–France Desaix (972)" (PDF). Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records (in French). Météo France. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ "Normales / Moyennes 1981-2010 / Fort-de-France Desaix (972)" (in French). Météo-France. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
- ^ SPLAF (Site sur la Population et les Limites Administratives de la France). "Agglomérations et villes de la Martinique". Retrieved 23 February 2021.
- ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
- ^ "Élections territoriales 2021 en Martinique : Retrouvez tous les résultats". 28 June 2021.
- ^ "Anti-racism protesters in Martinique tear down statue of Napoleon's wife". RFI. 27 July 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
External links
edit
- Official website
- Base Mérimée: Search for heritage in the commune, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French)
- . The American Cyclopædia. 1879.