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Fort McCoy (Wisconsin)

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Fort McCoy is a United States Army Reserve installation on 60,000 acres (24,000 ha) between Sparta and Tomah, Wisconsin, in Monroe County. In 1909, there were two separate camps named Camp Emory Upton and Camp Robinson; in 1926, these camps were joined together to form Camp McCoy.[1] Since its creation in 1909, the post has been used primarily as a military training center. A part of Fort McCoy is also used by the Wisconsin State Patrol as a training facility.[2]

Fort McCoy
Part of United States Army Reserve Command (USARC)
Located near: Tomah, Wisconsin
Coordinates44°00′35″N 90°41′00″W / 44.00972°N 90.68333°W / 44.00972; -90.68333
Site information
OwnerUnited States Army
ConditionActive
Site history
Built1909
Built byMajor General Robert Bruce McCoy
Garrison information
OccupantsUnited States Army, 86th Training Division, 88th Regional Support Command, 181st Infantry Brigade, 426th Regiment (Regional Training Institute) & Wisconsin Military Academy, Wisconsin State Patrol, Fort McCoy Police Department, Equipment Concentration Site 67, Maneuver Area Training Equipment Site, NCO Academy
Fort McCoy
Census designated place
Seal
Location of Fort McCoy
Coordinates: 44°00′13″N 90°24′36″W / 44.0035°N 90.41°W / 44.0035; -90.41
CountryUnited States
StateWisconsin
CountyMonroe County
Area
 • Total
90 sq mi (240 km2)
Elevation
873 ft (266 m)
Population
 (2010 Census)
 • Total
2,215
 • Density24/sq mi (9.2/km2)
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central (CST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (Central (CDT))
ZIP Code
54656
Area code608
Guardsmen board a Canadian CH-146 Griffon helicopter at Fort McCoy during a joint exercise.

History

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The post has been in virtually constant use since it was first formed as the "Sparta Maneuver Tract" on 14,000 acres (57 km2) in 1909. At first, the tract was made up of two camps, Camp Emory Upton and Camp Robinson. These were separated by a line of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad that ran across the land from east to west. In 1910, the army renamed the entire tract "Camp Bruce Elisha McCoy" for the father (a Civil War captain) of Robert Bruce McCoy, a retired major general who first proposed the area as a training ground and bought part of the property on which the fort stands. In 1926, the name of the post was officially renamed "Camp McCoy" in honor of Robert Bruce McCoy, who had died in January of that year.[3] It has gone by many different names such as Sparta Maneuver Tract; Sparta Military Reservation; Camp McCoy; and now the present, Fort McCoy.[4] The name McCoy comes from Robert B. McCoy who was a military man, farmer and served as county judge who initially set up the land as a military camp.[5]

In 1938, the United States began a major expansion of the camp. This included the addition of over 45,000 acres (180 km2) to the post, as well as the construction of several new structures, including living quarters for the troops. This increased the camp's capacity to 35,000 soldiers. In all, the project was estimated to have cost about $30 million. The expansion was officially concluded with a new inauguration on August 30, 1942.[6]

During World War II, Fort McCoy was used as a concentration camp[7][8][9] for approximately 170 Japanese and 120 German and Italian American civilians arrested as potentially dangerous "enemy aliens" in 1942.[10] After the internees were transferred to other camps, McCoy was used as a training facility for units from across the country preparing to enter combat, including the segregated all-Nisei 100th Infantry Battalion.[11] The post was also used as a prisoner-of-war (POW) camp during the conflict, holding 4,000 Japanese and German POWs.[10] Fort McCoy's POWs were featured in the 2011 film Fort McCoy.

The camp was briefly deactivated following World War II, but with the advent of the Korean War in 1950, it was once again used for training. This continued until 1953, when the camp was again deactivated. It was then used to house various small national, state and civilian projects, and served as a training center for the Army Reserves, the National Guard, and the Job Corps.

In 1973, the Army reactivated Camp McCoy as a permanent training center, and on September 30, 1974, it was officially re-designated as Fort McCoy.

In the 1990s, a second major construction project was undertaken, costing about $140 million. Today, Fort McCoy serves as a Total Force Training Center. More than 100,000 members of the military are trained at the fort every year,[12] and the total number has exceeded 149,000 in the past.[13]

After the fall of Afghanistan to the Taliban in 2021, Fort McCoy hosted one of the largest populations of Afghan evacuees with over 12,600 as of October 2021.[14]

The 181st Infantry Brigade is the largest unit stationed at Fort McCoy. The brigade is responsible for training selected U.S. Army Reserve and Army National Guard units in the Central-Northern United States to support contingency operations in the Global War on Terror.

Deployments

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Fort McCoy was used as a mobilization station during Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm. This was the first time units had mobilized at Fort McCoy since the Korean War. Seventy-four military units deployed through Fort McCoy, totaling more than 9,000 Soldiers, 8% of the reserve forces activated during the Persian Gulf War.[15] Volk Field Air National Guard Base was used as the primary point of departure. In addition, more than 3,000 pieces of equipment were deployed from Fort McCoy by train.

The 769th Engineer Battalion and the 927th Engineer Company (Sapper) of the 225th Engineer Brigade of the Louisiana Army National Guard mobilized for deployments to both Iraq and Afghanistan in 2008 and 2009. The 890th Engineer Battalion of the Mississippi Army National Guard conducted Mobilization training at McCoy from April to June 2008 before deploying to Iraq. The 194th Engineer Brigade mobilized from Fort McCoy to Iraq in 2009 and 190th Engineer Company mobilized to Afghanistan from there in 2010, both are part of the Tennessee Army National Guard. In late 2009 the 105th Engineer Battalion of the North Carolina Army National Guard completed its predeployment training and deployed to Kandahar, Afghanistan in early 2010 in support of the 2009-2010 surge in Afghanistan ordered by President Obama.

During February and March 2003, the Wisconsin Army National Guard's 229th Engineer Company (Combat Support Equipment)[16] deployed from Fort McCoy in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom.

The 477th Medical Company (Ground Ambulance), located in Duluth, MN, mobilized to Ft. McCoy from December 2003 to February 2004 in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Upon returning from Iraq, the unit redeployed back to Ft. McCoy before returning home to their families. The 477th also mobilized to Ft. McCoy in support of Operation Desert Storm

From December 2003 through February 2004, the 458th Engineer Battalion (Combat)[17] of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, mobilized through Fort McCoy. One of the soldiers mobilized was an intra-Reserve transfer or "fill" from Boise, Idaho, who later used his experiences there to form a major chapter in the online webcomic BOHICA Blues. The entirety of Chapter 3, "Mobe Station", takes place at Fort McCoy and the surrounding area of Sparta and Tomah.[18]

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    Fort McCoy commander and Bob Hope at a 1990 show in La Crosse, Wisconsin[15]
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    2nd Battalion, 351st Regiment's Headquarters at Fort McCoy in the 1980s during Annual Training

Exercises and training

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Fort McCoy hosts large-scale exercises multiple times each year: a WAREX (Warrior Exercise) focused on platoon level training, and a CSTX (Combat Support Training Exercise)[19][20][21] that focus on Company level training. During both exercises, battalion and brigade headquarters exercise their mission command functions to the units participating in the exercises.[22][23]

The installation also hosts Global Medic, an annual joint-field training exercise designed to replicate all aspects of theater combat medical support, and Operation Cold Steel, a major initiative to improve the Army Reserve's gunnery training, from February through May 2018.[24][25] These exercises are organized by the 86th Training Division and facilitated by the Observer/Controller-Trainers of the 181st Infantry Brigade.

Between December and March, the Cold Weather Operations Course (CWOC) trains personnel to operate specialized military equipment under winter conditions. This course is open to the regular Army, Army National Guard, and Army Reserve soldiers as well as Navy, Marine, and Air Force personnel.[26][27][28]

Prisoners of war

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Fort McCoy housed many prisoners of war and is known to have held the most Japanese POWs during the war.[1] About 3,000 German, 2,700 Japanese, and 500 Korean prisoners of war were held there.[29] There were many other places that these prisoners were housed. President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued an executive order titled Order 9066 that brought these prisoners into the different states and away from the coasts.[30] The first Japanese prisoner of war to enter the camp was captured at Pearl Harbor.[29]

There were five different POW compounds at Fort McCoy. There were two for the Japanese, another two for the Germans, and one for the Koreans.[1] There were two barracks in each compound consisting of 50 bunk beds[1] This is where they would sleep, spend time with one another and write home if they wanted.

Japanese POWs were served steamed rice, usually once a day, and they were offered soy sauce with all their meals. Their utensils were replaced with chopsticks.[1] Prisoners at Fort McCoy were fed well compared to other camps that were criticized for how they treated Japanese POWs

Health was important factor to Fort McCoy. They had an on-site hospital that POWs could use if they were ill and had access to prescription medicines and the camp dentist.[1]

They were allowed to practice religion freely. Japanese POWs were given a chapel which was converted to a place of worship. Buddhist preaching was performed daily and in order to perform, the prisoners needed incense.[1] They did not have incense so they asked the YMCA for it and it was granted to them.

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    652nd Engineer Company and the 739th Engineer Company conduct rafting operations during CSTX August 2016
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    652nd Engineer Company conducts rafting operations during CSTX August 2016
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    1st Infantry Division participating in a combined arms breach during CSTX August 2015
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    316th Engineer Company, 844 Engineer Battalion, in a combined arms breach during CSTX August 2015
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    443rd Transportation Company during CSTX August 2013
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    824th Quartermaster Company (Heavy Airdrop Supply) during CSTX August 2015
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    1982nd and 691st Forward Surgical Teams practice wound care in support of WAREX July 2013
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    Aeromedical evacuation training as part of WAREX July 2013
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    329th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion during WAREX July 2016
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    181st Infantry Brigade train deploying soldiers from the 101st Construction Battalion September 2009

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g Scott, Brandon (May 2010). The Untold Story of Camp McCoy: Japanese Prisoners of War in the Heart of Wisconsin during the Second World War (PDF) (Dissertation).
  2. ^ Wisconsin State Patrol Facilities Archived 2013-08-16 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ "Fort McCoy History & Heritage". Fort McCoy. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  4. ^ "Wisconsin magazine of history: Volume 92, number 4, summer 2009 :: Wisconsin Magazine of History Archives". content.wisconsinhistory.org. Retrieved 2019-11-05.
  5. ^ "Wisconsin magazine of history: Volume 92, number 4, summer 2009 :: Wisconsin Magazine of History Archives". content.wisconsinhistory.org. Retrieved 2019-11-05.
  6. ^ "wi0551data.pdf" (PDF). Retrieved March 24, 2023.
  7. ^ "First Prisoners Due at Camp Soon, Hint; To Face Heavy Guard". The Capital Times. January 14, 1942. p. 1. Retrieved December 5, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Construction of a concentration camp for 1,250 war-time prisoners is being rushed to completion on 20 acres of the Camp McCoy military reservation ...  
  8. ^ "Economizing in the Funniest Places!". Star Tribune. March 9, 1942. p. 4. Retrieved December 5, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. A hundred and ten soldiers, who are to be escorts or guards for interned Japanese at the Camp McCoy concentration camp ...  
  9. ^ "U.S. Obeys Rules". Star Tribune. January 29, 1944. p. 10. Retrieved December 5, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Enlisted men of all grades in the Camp McCoy concentration camp receive 10 cents a day for light labors.  
  10. ^ a b "Camp McCoy" Densho Encyclopedia (accessed 11 June 2014)
  11. ^ J. Burton, M. Farrell, F. Lord, R. Lord. Confinement and Ethnicity: An Overview of World War II Japanese American Relocation Sites, "Department of Justice and U.S. Army Facilities" Archived 2012-11-02 at the Wayback Machine, Ch. 17 (National Park Service)
  12. ^ Fort McCoy Facts & Figures 2005 Archived 2006-12-09 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ history
  14. ^ "Inside a U.S. Army Base Where Afghans Await an Uncertain Future". Time. Retrieved 2021-12-16.
  15. ^ a b "McCoy rallied to support nation's call". The Triad. Fort McCoy. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-09-27.
  16. ^ "229th Engineer Company | Lineage and Honors | U.S. Army Center of Military History (CMH)".
  17. ^ "458th Engineer Battalion | Lineage and Honors | U.S. Army Center of Military History (CMH)".
  18. ^ BOHICA Blues
  19. ^ "STAND-TO!". www.army.mil. Retrieved 2023-12-19.
  20. ^ "News". www.usar.army.mil. Retrieved 2023-12-19.
  21. ^ Fort McCoy: Combat Support Training Exercise, retrieved 2023-12-19
  22. ^ http://www.mybaseguide.com/news/184-41062/fort_mccoy_photo_essay_operations_for_combat_support_training_exercise_78_18_03 CSTX 78-18-03
  23. ^ "Combat Support Hospital Flexes Mobility, Ingenuity". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved 2023-12-19.
  24. ^ http://www.usar.army.mil/Featured/Training-Exercises/Cold-Steel/ Operation Cold Steel home page
  25. ^ http://www.usar.army.mil/News/Display/Article/1443400/staged-equipment-for-operation-cold-steel-ii-at-fort-mccoy/ Staged equipment for Operation Cold Steel II at Fort McCoy
  26. ^ "Army Rangers complete training in cold-weather ops course at Fort McCoy". DVIDS. Retrieved 2023-12-19.
  27. ^ "Fort McCoy CWOC training for 2018-19 finishes with hundreds trained". www.army.mil. Retrieved 2023-12-19.
  28. ^ "Sailors graduate from Cold-Weather Operations Course training at Fort McCoy". DVIDS. Retrieved 2023-12-19.
  29. ^ a b Mittelstaedt, Lou Ann; Kara Motosicky (Summer 2009). "The Establishment of Fort McCoy: A Heart for Preparedness". Wisconsin Magazine of History. Vol. 92, no. 4. pp. 28–41. Retrieved 2019-11-05.
  30. ^ Mcgill, Sara (2009). Internment of Japanese Americans. Toledo, Ohio: Great Neck Publishing. ISBN 9781429804882.
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