Foton (or Photon) is the project name of two series of Russian science satellite and reentry vehicle programs. Although uncrewed, the design was adapted from the crewed Vostok spacecraft capsule. The primary focus of the Foton project is materials science research, but some missions have also carried experiments for other fields of research including biology. The original Foton series included 12 launches from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome from 1985 to 1999.
The second series, under the name Foton-M, incorporates many design improvements over the original Foton, and is still in use. So far, there have been four launch attempts of the Foton-M. The first was in 2002 from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome, which ended in failure due to a problem in the launch vehicle. The last three were from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, in 2005, 2007, and 2014; all were successful. Both the Foton and Foton-M series used Soyuz-U (11A511U and 11A511U2) rockets as launch vehicles. Starting with the Foton-7 mission, the European Space Agency has been a partner in the Foton program.[1]
Foton-M
editFoton-M is a new generation of Russian robotic spacecraft for research conducted in the microgravity environment of Earth orbit. The Foton-M design is based on the design of the Foton, with several improvements including a new telemetry and telecommand unit for increased data flow rate, increased battery capacity, and a better thermal control system. It is produced by TsSKB-Progress in Samara.
The launch of Foton-M1 failed because of a malfunction of the Soyuz-U launcher. The second launch (of Foton-M2) was a success.[2] Foton-M3 was launched on 14 September 2007, carried by a Soyuz-U rocket lifting off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan[3] with Nadezhda, a cockroach that became the first Earth creature to produce offspring that had been conceived in space. It returned successfully to Earth on 26 September 2007, landing in Kazakhstan at 7:58 GMT.[4]
Reentry
editThe Foton capsule has limited thruster capability. As such, the reentry path and orientation can not be controlled after the capsule has separated from the engine system. This means that the capsule has to be protected from reentry heat on all sides, thus explaining the spherical design (as opposed to Project Mercury's conical design), which allows for maximum volume while minimizing the external surface. However, the lack of lift means the capsule experiences high forces on reentry, up to 8 to 9g.
Foton launches
edit| Designation | Launch Date | Recovery Date | Mission Payload(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Foton-1 | 1985-04-16 | ? | Re-entry capsule will be on display at the Deutsches Museum in Nuremberg, Germany | |
| Foton-2 | 1986-05-21 | ? | ||
| Foton-3 | 1987-04-24 | ? | ||
| Foton-4 | 1988-04-14 | ? | ||
| Foton-5 | 1989-04-26 | ? | ||
| Foton-6 | 1990-04-11 | ? | Re-entry capsule on display at the Evergreen Aviation Museum in McMinnville, Oregon, USA[5] | |
| Foton-7 | 1991-10-04 | ? | ||
| Foton-8 | 1992-10-08 | ? | ||
| Foton-9 | 1994-06-14 | ? | ||
| Foton-10 | 1995-02-16 | ? | ||
| Foton-11 | 1997-10-09 | ? | ||
| Foton-12 | 1999-09-09[6] | 1999-09-24[6] | Re-entry capsule on display at the European Space Research and Technology Centre in Noordwijk, Netherlands[7] | |
| Foton-M No.1 | 2002-10-15 | N/A | Lost due to a launch failure | |
| Foton-M No.2 | 2005-05-31 | 2005-06-16 | ||
| Foton-M No.3 | 2007-09-14 | 2007-09-26 | Young Engineers' Satellite 2 | Carried Nadezhda, a cockroach that mated during the mission and later produced the first earthlings conceived in space. And Also Carried Tardigrades into space. |
| Foton-M No.4 | 2014-07-18 | 2014-09-01 | Planned two-month mission was reduced to 44 days due to communications failure after launch and a missed rocket burn to the planned 575-kilometer (357-mile) orbit. Five geckos, launched to track their sexual habits in space, died during the mission.[8] | |
| References: [9][10][11] | ||||
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Foton". ESA. Archived from the original on 2006-03-23.
- ^ "European experiments successfully launched aboard Foton spacecraft". ESA.
- ^ "Lift-off for Foton microgravity mission". ESA.
- ^ "Foton-M3 experiments return to Earth". Retrieved 2007-09-26.
- ^ "Aircraft and Exhibits". Evergreen Aviation and Space Museum. 2012. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ^ a b "Foton-12 mission". ESA. 19 January 2001. Archived from the original on January 17, 2005. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ^ "Focus on Foton". ESA. 19 December 2001. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ^ "Russian spacecraft back on Earth after six-week mission". 1 September 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
- ^ "Foton (34KS)". space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
- ^ "Foton-M 1, 2, 3 (34KS)". space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
- ^ "Foton-M 4, 5 (34KSM)". space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
External links
edit
- Foton (from Encyclopedia Astronautica)
- Russian Space Web