A fractionated spacecraft is a satellite architecture where the functional capabilities of a conventional monolithic spacecraft are distributed across multiple modules which interact through wireless links. Unlike other aggregations of spacecraft, such as constellations and clusters, the modules of a fractionated spacecraft are largely heterogeneous and perform distinct functions corresponding, for instance, to the various subsystem elements of a traditional satellite.
History
editThe term "fractionated spacecraft" appears to have been coined by Owen Brown and Paul Eremenko in a series of 2006 papers,[1][2][3] which argue that a fractionated architecture offers more flexibility and robustness than traditional satellite design during mission operations, and during the design and procurement.
The idea dates back to at least a 1984 article by P. Molette.[4] Molette's, and later analyses by Rooney,[5] concluded that the benefits of fractionated spacecraft were outweighed by their higher mass and cost. By 2006, Brown and his collaborators[3][6] claim that the option value of flexibility, the insurance value of improved robustness, and mass production effects will exceed any penalties, and make an analogy with distributed clusters of personal computers (PCs) which are overtaking supercomputers.[citation needed] A 2006 study by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology appears to have corroborated this latter view.[7]
Development
edit
In 2007, DARPA, the Pentagon's advanced technology organization, issued an announcement[8] soliciting proposals for a program entitled System F6, which aims to prove "the feasibility and benefits" of a fractionated satellite architecture through a space demonstration. The program appears to emphasize wireless networking as a critical technical enabler, along with econometric modeling to assess[clarification needed] if and when the architecture is advantageous over conventional approaches [9]
DARPA called for open-source development of the networking and communications protocols and interfaces for the fractionated spacecraft modules. This unusual step was presumably in an effort to proliferate the concept and mirror in space the development of the terrestrial Internet.
In 2008, DARPA announced that contracts for the preliminary development phase of the System F6 program were issued to teams headed by Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, and Orbital Sciences.[10]
In December 2009 the second phase of the program was awarded to Orbital Sciences, along with IBM and JPL.[11]
In February 2010, the European Space Agency (ESA) completed a study on fractionated satellites under the GSTP program.[12]
On May 16, 2013, DARPA confirmed that they cancelled the Formation-flying Satellite Demo, which means that they closed the project.[13]
ANDESITE is a fractionated spacecraft with 8 components,[14][15] and was launched on June 13, 2020.
Miscellaneous
editFractionating a communications satellite mission appears to be subject to U.S. patent 6,633,745, "Satellite cluster comprising a plurality of modular satellites".
References
edit- ^ Brown, Owen; Eremenko, Paul (2006). "The Value Proposition for Fractionated Space Architectures" (PDF). AIAA Space 2006. San Jose, CA: American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics. pp. Paper No. AIAA–2006–7506. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-19.
- ^ Brown, Owen; Eremenko, Paul (2006). "Fractionated Space Architectures: A Vision for Responsive Space" (PDF). 4th Responsive Space Conference. Los Angeles, CA: American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics. pp. Paper No. AIAA-RS4-2006-1002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-02-17.
- ^ a b Brown, O.; Eremenko, P.; Roberts, C. (2006). "Cost-Benefit Analysis of a Notional Fractionated SATCOM Architecture" (PDF). 24th International Communications Satellite Systems Conference. San Diego, CA: American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics. pp. Paper No. AIAA–2006–5328. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-19.
- ^ Molette, P.; Cougnet, C.; Saint-Aubert, PH.; Young, R.W.; Helas, D. (1984). "Technical and Economical Comparison Between a Modular Geostationary Space Platform and a Cluster of Satellites". Acta Astronautica. 12 (11). Pergamon Press Ltd.: 771–784. Bibcode:1984AcAau..11..771M. doi:10.1016/0094-5765(84)90097-3.
- ^ Rooney, Kevin (August 2006). "An Exercise in Spacecraft Mission Fractionation" (PDF). Presentation. Boeing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-21. Retrieved 2008-01-13.
- ^ Brown, Owen; Long, Andrew; Shah, Naresh; Eremenko, Paul (2007). "System Lifecycle Cost Under Uncertainty as a Design Metric Encompassing the Value of Architectural Flexibility" (PDF). AIAA Space 2007. Long Beach, CA: American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics. pp. Paper No. AIAA–2007–6023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-19.
- ^ Weigel, Annalisa (2006-04-03). "Fractionated Spacecraft Architectures Seeding Study". AFRL-VS-PS-TR-2006-1026. Air Force Research Laboratory. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011.
- ^ "System F6". Broad Agency Announcement. DARPA. 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-11-21.
- ^ Mosleh, Mohsen; Dalili, Kia; Heydari, Babak (2014). "Optimal Modularity for Fractionated Spacecraft: The Case of System F6". Procedia Computer Science. elsevier. pp. 164–170. doi:10.1016/j.procs.2014.03.021.
- ^ "DARPA awards contracts for fractionated spacecraft program" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 19, 2009. Retrieved 2008-05-13.
- ^ "DARPA awards contract for detailed design of fractionated spacecraft program" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2009-12-14.
- ^ https://gsp.esa.int/documents/10192/43064675/C22258ExS.pdf/3ec1a42c-a615-43c2-9997-e4058323a379 [bare URL]
- ^ "DARPA Cancels Formation-flying Satellite Demo". Archived from the original on November 1, 2013. Retrieved 2014-11-17.
- ^ Parham, J. Brent; Kromis, Maria; Teng, Phillip; Zosuls, Aleks; Walsh, Brian; Semeter, Joshua (5 August 2018). ANDESITE: A Student-Built Swarm from Concept to Launch and Beyond. 32nd Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites. Logan, Utah: USU. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter (9 May 2020). "ANDESITE". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
External links
edit- DARPA System F6 information
- Fractionated Spacecraft workshop, Colorado Springs, August 2006.
- DARPA Phoenix Program to use System F6