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Richard Henry Lee

(Redirected from Francis Lightfoot Lee II)

Richard Henry Lee (January 20, 1732 – June 19, 1794) was an American statesman and Founding Father from Virginia,[1] best known for the June 1776 Lee Resolution, the motion in the Second Continental Congress calling for the colonies' independence from Great Britain leading to the United States Declaration of Independence, which he signed. Lee also served a one-year term as the president of the Continental Congress, proposed and was a signatory to the Continental Association, signed the Articles of Confederation, and was a United States Senator from Virginia from 1789 to 1792, serving part of that time as the second president pro tempore of the upper house.

Richard Henry Lee
President pro tempore of the United States Senate
In office
April 18, 1792 – October 8, 1792
Preceded byJohn Langdon
Succeeded byJohn Langdon
United States Senator
from Virginia
In office
March 4, 1789 – October 8, 1792
Preceded byInaugural Holder
Succeeded byJohn Taylor
4th President of the Congress of the Confederation
In office
November 30, 1784 – November 4, 1785
Preceded byThomas Mifflin
Succeeded byJohn Hancock
Delegate to the
Congress of the Confederation
from Virginia
In office
November 1, 1784 – October 30, 1787
Member of the
Virginia House of Burgesses
from Westmoreland County
In office
September 14, 1758 – May 6, 1776
Preceded byAugustine Washington Jr.
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Personal details
Born(1732-01-20)January 20, 1732
Stratford Hall, Westmoreland County, Colony of Virginia, British America
DiedJune 19, 1794(1794-06-19) (aged 62)
Chantilly Plantation, Westmoreland County, Virginia, U.S.
Resting placeBurnt House Fields, Lee Family Estate, Coles Point, Westmoreland County, Virginia
Political partyAnti-Administration
Spouse(s)
Anne Aylett
​
​
(m. 1757; died 1768)​

Anne (Gaskins) Pinckard
​
​
(m. 1769)​
Children13, including Ludwell
Parent(s)Thomas Lee
Hannah Harrison Ludwell
ProfessionLaw
Signature

He was a member of the Lee family, a historically influential family in Virginia politics.

Early life and education

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Lee was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, to Colonel Thomas Lee and Hannah Harrison Ludwell Lee on January 20, 1732. He came from a line of military officers, diplomats, and legislators. His father served on the Governor's council and briefly as an interim governor of Virginia before his death in 1750. Lee spent most of his early life in Stratford, Virginia, at Stratford Hall. Here he was tutored and taught a variety of skills. To develop his political career, his father sent him around to neighboring planters with the intention for Lee to become associated with neighboring men of like prominence. In 1748, at 16, Lee left Virginia for Yorkshire, England, to complete his formal education at Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Wakefield. Both of his parents died in 1750. In 1753, after touring Europe, he returned to Virginia to help his brothers settle the estate his parents had left behind.[2]

Career

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In 1757, Lee was appointed justice of the peace of Westmoreland County. In 1758, he was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses, where he met Patrick Henry. Lee remained a "valuable ally of...Henry and Samuel Adams" throughout the American Revolutionary War.[3] An early advocate of independence, Lee became one of the first to create Committees of Correspondence among the many independence-minded Americans in the various colonies. In 1766, almost ten years before the American Revolutionary War, Lee is credited with having authored the Westmoreland Resolution[4] against enforcement of the British Stamp Act 1765, which was publicly signed by prominent landowners who met at Leedstown, Virginia, on February 27, 1766. Among the signers were three brothers and one close cousin of George Washington.

American Revolution

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In August 1774, Lee was chosen as a delegate to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia. In Lee's Resolution on June 7, 1776, during the Second Continental Congress, Lee put forth the motion to the Continental Congress to declare Independence from Great Britain, which read (in part):

Resolved: That these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved.

Lee had returned to Virginia by the time Congress voted on and adopted the Declaration of Independence, but he signed the document when he returned to Congress.

 
Lee Family Coat of Arms

President of Congress

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Lee was elected the sixth president of Congress under the Articles of Confederation on November 30, 1784, in the French Arms Tavern, Trenton, New Jersey. Congress convened on January 11, 1785, in the old New York City Hall, with Lee presiding until November 23, 1785. Although he was not paid a salary, his household expenses were covered in the amount of $12,203.13.[5]

Lee abhorred the notion of imposing federal taxes and believed that continuing to borrow foreign money was imprudent. Throughout his term, he maintained that the states should relinquish their claims in the Northwest Territory, enabling the federal government to fund its obligations through land sales. He wrote to friend and colleague Samuel Adams:

I hope we shall shortly finish our plan for disposing of the western Lands to discharge the oppressive public debt created by the war & I think that if this source of revenue be rightly managed, that these republics may soon be discharged from that state of oppression and distress that an indebted people must invariably feel.[6]

Debate began on the expansion of the Land Ordinance of 1784 and Thomas Jefferson's survey method; namely, "hundreds of ten geographical miles square, each mile containing 6086 and 4-10ths of a foot" and "sub-divided into lots of one mile square each, or 850 and 4-10ths of an acre" on April 14.[7] On May 3, 1785, William Grayson of Virginia made a motion, seconded by James Monroe, to change "seven miles square" to "six miles square."

The Land Ordinance of 1785 passed on May 20, 1785,[8] yet the federal government lacked the resources to manage the newly surveyed lands. Not only did Native Americans refuse to relinquish their hold on the platted territory, but much of the remaining land was occupied by squatters. With Congress unable to muster magistrates or troops to enforce the dollar-per-acre title fee, Lee's plan ultimately failed, although the survey system developed under the Land Ordinance of 1785 has endured.[9]

US Senate

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Lee served in the United States Senate in the First and Second Congresses from 1789 to 1792. In 1792 he became the second president pro tempore, but later that year he was obliged to resign due to his failing health, and he retired from public life.[10]

Political offices

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Personal life and family

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Lee's mother Hannah Harrison Ludwell died in 1750. On December 5, 1757, he married Anne Aylett, daughter of William Aylett. Anne died on December 12, 1768. The couple had six children, four of whom survived infancy. Lee remarried in June or July 1769 to Anne (Gaskins) Pinckard. The couple had seven children, five of whom survived infancy.

Lee honored his brother, Francis Lightfoot Lee (another signer of the Articles of Confederation and the Declaration of Independence), by naming one of his sons after him.

Children with Anne Aylett:[11]

  • William Lee (1750 - March 23, 1836)
  • William F. Lee (1758 - unknown)
  • Thomas Jesse Lee (October 20, 1758 - September 07, 1805)
  • Mary "Molly"[12] Lee Washington (July 28, 1764 - November 02, 1795), who married Colonel William Augustine Washington, Sr.[13]
  • Hannah Lee Washington (1765 - November 23, 1802), who married Corbin Washington[14]
  • Thomas Lee (October 13, 1760 - unknown)
  • Ludwell Lee (October 13, 1760 - March 23, 1826), speaker of the Virginia Senate
  • Marybelle Lee (1768 - 1768)

Children with Anne Pinckard:[15]

  • Anne "Nancy"[16] Lucinda Lee (December 1, 1770 - September 9, 1804), who married Charles Lee[17]
  • Henrietta "Harriet"[18] Lee (December 10, 1773 - 1803), who married Richard Lee Turberville, and later William Moffitt[19]
  • Sarah Caldwell Lee (November 27, 1775 - May 08, 1837)
  • Cassius Lee (August 18, 1779 - July 08, 1798)
  • Francis Lightfoot Lee (June 18, 1782 - April 13, 1850)
  • Unnamed child (1784 - 1784)
  • Francis Ludwell Lee (1786 - 1844)
  • David Richard Lee (unknown birthdate)

Death and legacy

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Lee died on June 19, 1794, at the age of 62. Schools in Rossmoor, California, and Glen Burnie, Maryland are named after him, and Richard Henry Lee School in Chicago is named in his honor. The World War II Liberty Ship SS Richard Henry Lee was named in his honor. The Chantilly Archaeological Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.[20] He is portrayed in Sherman Edwards' 1969 musical 1776.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Bernstein, Richard B. (2009). "Appendix: The Founding Fathers, A Partial List". The Founding Fathers Reconsidered. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 176–180. ISBN 978-0199832576.
  2. ^ McGaughy, J. K. Richard Henry Lee (1732–1794). (March 18, 2014). In Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved from http://www.EncyclopediaVirginia.org/ Lee Richard Henry 1732–1794
  3. ^ Davis, Kenneth C. (2003). Don't Know Much About History: Everything You Need to Know About American History but Never Learned (1st ed.). New York: HarperCollins. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-06-008381-6.
  4. ^ Washington, Lawrence; McKim, Randolph Harrison; Beale, George William (January 1, 1912). Westmoreland County, Virginia: Parts I and II : a Short Chapter and Bright Day in Its History. Whittet & Shepperson, printers. p. 42. Retrieved September 22, 2016 – via Internet Archive. Westmoreland Resolution.
  5. ^ Estimate of the Annual Expenditure of the Civil Departments of the United States, on the present Establishment President Richard Henry Lee
  6. ^ "President Richard Henry Lee to Samuel Adams, New York May 20. 1785". Archived from the original on October 28, 2014. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
  7. ^ Plat of Township 2, Range 7 in the Ohio Seven Ranges ca. 1786 Richard Henry Lee, President of the United States in Congress Assembled
  8. ^ Olsen, J.S., & Mendoza, A.O. (2015). Land Ordinance of 1785. In American economic history: A dictionary and chronology, (p. 367). Greenwood.
  9. ^ Staff (May 29, 2012). "The Public Land Survey System (PLSS)". National Atlas of the United States. U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from the original on June 7, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  10. ^ richardhenrylee.org (retrieved March 9, 2024)
  11. ^ "Anne Aylett Lee". Geni. September 11, 2023.
  12. ^ Lee, Lucinda. "Journal of a Young Lady of Virginia". Lee Family Digital Archive. Retrieved March 17, 2023.
  13. ^ "Mary Lee Washington". Geni. September 11, 2023.
  14. ^ "Hannah Washington Lee". Geni. May 2022.
  15. ^ "Anne Pinkard Lee". April 30, 2022.
  16. ^ Lee, Lucinda. "Journal of a Young Lady of Virginia". Lee Family Digital Archive. Retrieved March 17, 2023.
  17. ^ "Anne Lucinda Lee". Geni. April 2, 2024.
  18. ^ Lee, Lucinda. "Journal of a Young Lady of Virginia". Lee Family Digital Archive. Retrieved March 17, 2023.
  19. ^ "Henrietta Lee Moffitt". Geni. September 11, 2023.
  20. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.

Further reading

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  • McGaughy, Kent J. Richard Henry Lee of Virginia: A Portrait of an American Revolutionary (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2003).
  • Selby, John E. "Richard Henry Lee, John Adams, and the Virginia Constitution of 1776." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 84.4 (1976): 387–400. online
  • Unger, Harlow Giles. First Founding Father: Richard Henry Lee and the Call for Independence (2017) online review

Primary sources

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  • Lee, Richard Henry. The Letters of Richard Henry Lee: 1762–1778 (2 vol 1911–1914) online. also vol 2 online
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Political offices
Preceded by President of the Confederation Congress
November 30, 1784 – November 6, 1785 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President pro tempore of the United States Senate
April 18, 1792 – October 8, 1792 		Succeeded by
U.S. Senate
Preceded by
None
 U.S. senator (Class 2) from Virginia
March 4, 1789 – October 8, 1792
Served alongside: William Grayson, John Walker, James Monroe 		Succeeded by
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