Franjo Ksaver Tomašić (2 October 1761 – 12 August 1831)[3] was a Croatian baron and a lieutenant field marshal of the Austrian Empire's Army who served as a First Governor of Kingdom of Dalmatia between 1815 and 1831.
Baron Franjo Ksaver Tomašić | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 1st Governor of Kingdom of Dalmatia | |
| In office 26 December 1813 – 12 August 1831 | |
| Appointed by | Emperor Francis II |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Wenzeslau Lilienberg Water |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 2 October 1761 Rijeka, Kingdom of Croatia, Austrian Empire (now Croatia) |
| Died | 12 August 1831 (aged 69) Zadar, Kingdom of Dalmatia, Austrian Empire (now Croatia) |
| Resting place | City Cemetery of Zadar[1][2] |
| Nationality | Croat |
| Alma mater | Theresian Military Academy |
| Profession | Soldier |
| Awards | Military Order of Maria Theresa, Order of Leopold (Knight), Order of the Iron Crown (Knight First Class) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Austrian Empire |
| Years of service | 1776–1831 |
| Rank | Lieutenant field marshal |
| Battles/wars | French Revolutionary Wars Napoleonic Wars |
Early life and education
editBaron Franjo Ksaver Tomašić was born in a port-town of Rijeka on 2 October 1761 in a noble Croatian family that is connected to the famous Mogorović family.[4] At the age of 15, he entered the Vienna Army Academy of Engineering from which he graduated as one of the most capable cadets.[5] At the age of 20, Tomašić became a cadet at the Men's Choir. He soon became an officer and expressed his diligence in the construction of the Josefov Fortress in present-day Czech Republic.
Career
editTomašić demonstrated his courage for the first time in a war defending Le Quesnoy Fortress in 1793, in which he participated as a captain of the Engineering Corps. During the conflict, Tomašić was captured by French who condemned him to death by a guillotine. He eventually survived thanks to the end of Reign of Terror and help by the Fortress commander, Colonel Beck who praised him before the emperor Francis II for his courage and merit.
In 1797, he was promoted to the rank of major in the Engineering Corps and was, as a sign of special Emperors' confidence, appointed associate of the Austrian ambassador to the court of Russian Emperor Paul I and has thus moved to the Petrograd. However, he did not stay long on the position because he was given the command to join general Alexander Suvorovs' units that Russia sent to Italy to assist France during the French Revolutionary Wars. Tomašić was assigned to the corps of general Franz Seraph of Orsini-Rosenberg, and had participated in all the events of the conflict.
In the 1800s, he demonstrated his heroism at a Fayle Hill. On 11 April, in an attack on the Italian fortress Bochetto, Tomašić, in order to encourage his troops, stood at their forehead and had skillfully and bravely led them to the attack. However, he was almost mortally wounded through his chest. His wound was hard to heal and he suffered the consequences for the rest of his life. On 30 April 1802[6] he was awarded the Military Order of Maria Theresa on the 68th promotion, and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel, and afterwards colonel. On 29 July 1808 he was given a title of the baron, which was also transferred to his younger brother Nikola, who was at the time army major, and later colonel.
At the time of the Napoleonic Wars in 1809, at the Siege of Palmanus', Tomašić was assigned to the main Austrian army headquarters and promoted to the rank of Major General on 22 August. After French occupied parts of the Austrian Empire, from which they created Kingdom of Illyria, he was named commander of Leopoldstadt, and become a member of a commission, led by general baron Knežević, that set new borders between France and Austria on the Croatian territory. After that, Tomašić became the commander of Zagreb which was at the time an important border point between Austrian and French territories.[7]
During the 1813-14 War of the Sixth Coalition, Tomašić was given a tough task to reclaim Dalmatia. He had very few people and weak resources available. In October 1813, he started his campaign with 2,900 soldiers. On the night of 29-30 October he occupied the lower part of the town of Knin with one of the battalions composed of men from Lika under the command of colonel Popović, and called for French soldiers that barracked themselves in the Knin Fortress to surrender. The Fortress was surrendered on 31 October and all soldiers in French service were allowed to leave freely.[8] On 3 November he came with his units before the city of Zadar, the capital of Dalmatia, which was defended by French general César Antoine Roize. After weeks of fighting, general Roize proclaimed capitulation on 6 December.[9] For the occasion of his entrance to the town on 11 November 1813, Girolamo (Jerolim) Alesani composed a serentata to the libretto by Giovanni Kreglianovich Albinoni. Such celebration was an exceptional event because serenatas of this kind were normally composed and performed only for the anniversaries of the emperor and empress.[10] On 15 December Tomašić sent his adjutant, general Bogdan Milutinović with two battalions and one additional troop to reclaim Kotor, Dubrovnik and Fort Norin. The campaign was successful. He eventually expelled all the French troops led by three generals from Dalmatia and sent them as prisoners of war to Italy.[7]
On 26 December 1813 Tomašić was awarded Order of Leopold, promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Field Marshal, and appointed provisional governor of Dalmatia (which included Dubrovnik, Bay of Kotor and parts of Albania as well). In 1816, Emperor named him the second owner of the 22nd Infantry Regiment of Prince Leopold Sicilian.[7]
Baron Tomašić died in Zadar on 12 August 1831, before he could receive his last recognition from the Emperor, who awarded him the Order of the Iron Crown shortly before his death.
References
edit- ^ "Gradsko groblje od ljeta nova turistička tura". 13 January 2017.
- ^ "VIDEO: Zadarsko groblje kao turistička atrakcija? :: Radio Zadar". radio.hrt.hr.
- ^ Kronika splitske gimnazije od ljeta Gospodnjega 1817./18. do godine 1866./67. / transl. Chronicle of Split Gymnasium between the summer of 1817/18 AD and 1866/67 AD, Građa i prilozi za povijest Dalmacije 23, Split 2010./2011., transcribed, translated, and commented by Ljerka Šimunković, p. 126.
- ^ "ARHiNET - Obitelj Tomašić". arhinet.arhiv.hr.
- ^ "Tomašić, Franjo Ksaver - Hrvatska enciklopedija". www.enciklopedija.hr.
- ^ "Franjo Tomašić (1761 - 1831)".
- ^ a b c "TOMAŠIĆ - THOMASSICH - TOMMASEO". www.cro-eu.com.
- ^ "Povijest - Grad Knin".
- ^ "Francuska vojska 6. prosinca 1813. predala". 6 December 2008.
- ^ Cantata in musica dal maestro di cappella, Alesani don Girolamo, canonico. Poesia di Giov. Kreglianovich. Giuseppe Sabalich, Cronistoria aneddotica del Nobile Teatro di Zara (1781–1881), (Fiume: P. Battara, 1898), 95-96.