Frank Glasgow Tinker (July 14, 1909 – June 13, 1939) was an American volunteer fighter pilot for the Fuerzas Aéreas de la República Española ("Air Forces of the Spanish Republic"; FARE), during the Spanish Civil War.
Frank Glasgow Tinker | |
|---|---|
 US Naval Academy graduation photo, 1933 | |
| Born | July 14, 1909 Kaplan, Louisiana |
| Died | June 13, 1939 (aged 29) Little Rock, Arkansas |
| Allegiance |  United States Republicans |
| Service/ | United States Navy Republican Air Force |
| Battles/wars | Spanish Civil War |
| Alma mater | United States Naval Academy (BS) |
Tinker was credited officially with shooting down eight enemy aircraft and was the highest-scoring American air ace of the war.[1] However, Tinker's logbook suggests that he claimed 19 victories, which would make him the sixth-highest scoring pilot in FARE. That relatively few of his claims were officially recognized was due to the complex system of verifying air kills used by FARE and the financial incentive paid to mercenaries: many victories were not verifiable because the downed aircraft crashed in an enemy-held area and/or an incentive would not have to be paid.[2] In addition, Tinker and other pilots from Escuadrilla La Calle ("La Calle's Squadron"), also known as 1ª Escuadrilla de Chatos (1st Chato Squadron"), shared a number of joint kills against Junkers Ju 52 bombers. He reported narrowly avoiding death at both the hands of enemy aviators and malfunctioning equipment.
He left a detailed record of his experiences as a fighter pilot for the Republicans in his memoir Some Still Live, published by Funk & Wagnalls Co in New York, 1938[3] and recently republished by The Clapton Press, London.[4]
Early years
editFrank Tinker was born in Kaplan, Louisiana, and grew up in DeWitt, Arkansas. In 1926, he joined the US Navy hoping to gain an appointment to the US Naval Academy, which he did three years later. Graduating with the Class of '33, he did not receive a commission, along with the other lower half of the class, due to the Great Depression. He and other classmates then enrolled in the United States Army Air Corps, and received flight training at Randolph Field. In 1934, he received his naval commission, flight training at Pensacola, Florida, and assigned as a reconnaissance floatplane pilot on the USS San Francisco cruiser. Lasting only six months as an ensign in the navy, due to a brawl in Long Beach, and another in Honolulu, the navy dissolved his commission. Tinker then became a third mate on a Standard Oil tanker.[5]
Spanish Civil War
editAfter the start of the Spanish Civil War, Tinker offered his service to the Loyalist Government. Tinker disliked Benito Mussolini after Ethiopia, and Mussolini's support of the Rebels. After signing a contract with the Spanish Embassy in Mexico City, he received a Spanish passport with the nom de guerre of Francisco Gómez Trejo. His contract included $1500 per month, and an additional $1000 for each enemy plane he downed. Tinker then traveled by train to New York City, boarded the SS Normandie for France, then traveled by train to Barcelona. At the San Xavier field in Los_Alcázares, he checked out as a combat pilot, joining Harold Edward Dahl, Albert Baumler, and other American pilots and English pilots at Manises Air Base.[6]
From 7 January 1937, Tinker along with Dahl and Charlie Koch, joined three British and one Irish pilot in Walter Kantz's 19 Bomber Squadron , flying Breguet 19 bombers.[5]: 6–7 [6]: 22–26, 45–46
On 23 January, Tinker, Koch, Allison, Dahl, Leider. and 12 Spanish pilots, joined Andrés García La Calle's Wright Cyclone powered Polikarpov I-15 squadron in Los Alcázares. On 10 February, now based at Guadalajara, they flew their first mission over enemy territory, each dropping four 24-pound bombs onto factories along the Jarama.[5]: 33–35, 42 [6]: 27–38
The squadron took part in a Battle of Guadalajara. On March 14, Tinker shot down his first aircraft, an Italian Fiat CR.32 fighter, followed by another CR.32 on March 20. On April 17, he shot down a German Heinkel He 51 fighter from Legion Condor over Teruel.
On May 3, 1937, Tinker was assigned to 1st Escuadrilla de Moscas, commanded by the Russian, Ivan Lakyeyev, flying the faster Polikarpov I-16 "Mosca" monoplane fighters. On June 2 and June 16, he shot down another CR.32. On July 13, he became the first pilot to shoot down one of the most modern German fighters, a Messerschmitt Bf 109A, near Madrid. It was piloted by Unteroffizier Guido Honess of 2. Staffel/Jagdgruppe 88 (2./J 88), flying a Bf 109A believed to be marked 6–4. Honess, who was killed in the ensuing crash, was the first German pilot to achieve three victories with this new type of aircraft. On July 17, Tinker shot down another Bf 109A. This first version of the Bf 109 was not a "good climber" and Tinker caught it from behind while the German pilot tried to gain altitude after a dive on him – a lethal mistake according to Tinker. The scene is described in detail in his book Some Still Live. His final victory was over a Fiat CR.32 on July 18, 1937. Tinker flew his last missions on July 29, 1937, then returned to the U.S.
While in Spain, Tinker socialized with Ernest Hemingway, Robert Hale Merriman, the leader of the American Volunteers of the Lincoln Brigade and his successor Milton Wolff, who led the 15th International Brigade during the Battle of the Ebro.
Later years and death
editAfter Tinker's return to the US, both the Army and Navy rejected his requested return to service. Instead, he wrote articles for various magazines and newspapers, including his Some Still Live series for the Saturday Evening Post. He was found in his Little Rock hotel room with a fatal gunshot wound to his head, an empty whiskey bottle, and an acceptance letter from the Flying Tigers. His tombstone included the epitaph ¿Quién Sabe? (Who knows?).[6]
Arkansas Aviation Historical Society inducted Tinker into the Arkansas Aviation Hall of Fame in 1999.[7]
On July 11, 2009, the centennial of his birth, his niece and the Grand Prairie Historical Society, honored his memory in a DeWitt, Arkansas ceremony.[8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Frank Glasgow Tinker Jr (1938). Some Still Live. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. ISBN 978-0809496334. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
- ^ Andrés García La Calle, Mitos y verdades: La aviación de caza en la guerra civil española.; México: Lito Offset fersa, 1973.
- ^ Tinker, Frank Glasgow (1992). Some Still Live. Time-Life Books. ISBN 0-8094-9633-X.
- ^ "Some Still Live, Frank G Tinker Jr, The Clapton Press, 2019". 9 June 2019.
- ^ a b c Edwards, John (2003). Airmen Without Portfolio. North Charleston: Global Book Publisher. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9781594571756.
- ^ a b c d Tinker, Frank (2019). Some Still Live. London: The Clapton Press Limited. pp. 9–23, 210. ISBN 9781999654382.
- ^ "Frank Glasgow Tinker Jr. (1909-1939)". Arkansas Aviation Historical Society Collection. Archived from the original on 2019-10-21. Retrieved 2019-06-10.
- ^ Reichhardt, Tony (2009). "Celebrating a Spanish Civil War Hero". Air and Space Magazine. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
Bibliography
edit- Edwards, John Carver (1997). Airmen Without Portfolio: U.S. Mercenaries in Civil War Spain. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-95742-X.