Foreign alliances of France

Frankish–Abbasid alliance	777–800s
Franco-Mongol alliance	1220–1316
Franco-Scottish alliance	1295–1560
Franco-Polish alliance	1524–1526
Franco-Hungarian alliance	1528–1552
Franco-Ottoman alliance	1536–1798
Franco-English alliance	1657–1660
Franco-Indian alliance	1603–1763
Franco-British alliance	1716–1731
Franco-Spanish alliance	1733–1792
Franco-Prussian alliance	1741–1756
Franco-Austrian alliance	1756–1792
Franco-Indian Alliances	1700s
Franco-Vietnamese alliance	1777–1820
Franco-American alliance	1778–1794
Franco-Persian alliance	1807–1809
Franco-Prussian alliance	1812–1813
Franco-Austrian alliance	1812–1813
Franco-Russian alliance	1892–1917
Entente Cordiale	1904–present
Franco-Polish alliance	1921–1940
Franco-Italian alliance	1935
Franco-Soviet alliance	1936–1939
Treaty of Dunkirk	1947–1997
Western Union	1948–1954
North Atlantic Alliance	1949–present
Western European Union	1954–2011
European Defence Union	1993–present
Regional relations
Asia Americas Africa

The foreign alliances of France have a long and complex history spanning more than a millennium. One traditional characteristic of the French diplomacy of alliances has been the "Alliance de revers" (i.e. "Rear alliance"), aiming at allying with countries situated on the opposite side or "in the back" of an adversary, in order to open a second front encircling the adversary and thus re-establish a balance of power. Another has been the alliance with local populations, against other European colonial powers.

Geographic position and strategy of France

Over the centuries, France has constantly been looking for Eastern allies, as a counterbalance to Continental enemies.^[1] Throughout French history, this was especially the case against Austria-Hungary, Spain or Prussia:^[1] the Abbasid–Carolingian alliance (against the Umayyad Caliphate and the Byzantine Empire), the Franco-Hungarian alliance and Franco-Ottoman alliance (against the Habsburg Empire), the Franco-American alliance (against Great Britain), the Franco-Russian Alliance (against Germany). In particular, since 1870 the desire to counter German power has been a major motivating force leading France to create Eastern alliances.^[2]

Autochthonous alliances

American continent

Frontenac with the Indians.

France also has a strong tradition of alliance with autochthonous populations in order to resist a powerful opponent. In the American continent, France was the first to identify that cooperation with local tribes would be strategically significant, before England also started to adopt this strategy.^[3] An important Franco-Indian alliance centered on the Great Lakes and the Illinois country took place during the French and Indian War (1754–1763).^[4] The alliance involved French settlers on the one side, and the indigenous peoples such as the Abenaki, Ottawa, Menominee, Winnebago, Mississauga, Illinois, Sioux, Huron, Petun, and Potawatomi on the other.^[4]

The French easily mixed and inter-married with the Indians, which greatly facilitated exchanges and the development of such alliances. Through these alliances with the Indians, the French were able to maintain for over 150 years a strong position in the New World at the expense of the British, who had much more difficulties in making Indian allies.^[5]

India

Dupleix meeting the Soudhabar of the Deccan, Murzapha Jung.

In India, the French General Dupleix was allied to Murzapha Jung in the Deccan, and Chanda Sahib in the Carnatic Wars, in the conflict against Robert Clive. The French succeeded in the 1746 Battle of Madras, and the French and Indians fought together and vanquished Anwaruddin in 1749, but failed in the Battle of Arcot in 1751 and finally surrendered in 1752.^[6] The French again had a success at the capture of Fort St. David in 1758 under Lally, but were finally defeated at Masulipatam (1759) and Wandewash (1760).^[6]

Suffren meeting with Hyder Ali in 1782, J.B. Morret engraving, 1789.

In 1782, Louis XVI sealed an alliance with the Peshwa Madhu Rao Narayan. As a consequence Bussy moved his troops to Isle de France (now Mauritius) and later contributed to the French effort in India in 1783.^[7]^[8] Suffren became the ally of Hyder Ali in the Second Anglo-Mysore War against British rules in India, in 1782–1783, fighting the British fleet on the coasts of India and Ceylon.^[9]^[10] From February 1782 until June 1783 Suffren fought the English admiral Sir Edward Hughes and collaborated with the rulers of Mysore.^[10]^[11] Suffren fought in the Battle of Sadras on 17 February 1782, the Battle of Providien on 12 April near Trincomalee and the Battle of Negapatam (1782) on 6 July off Cuddalore, after which he seized upon the anchorage of Trincomalee, compelling the small British garrison to surrender. An army of 3,000 French soldiers collaborated with Hyder Ali to capture Cuddalore. Finally the Battle of Trincomalee took place near that port on 3 September. These battles can be seen as the last battles of the Franco-British conflict that encompassed the American War of Independence, and would cease with the signature of the Treaty of Versailles (1783) establishing peace and recognizing America independence.

Tactical alliances

The Persian Envoy Mirza Mohammad-Reza Qazvini meeting with Napoleon I at the Finkenstein castle, 27 Avril 1807, to sign the Treaty of Finkenstein. François Mulard.

Some French alliances were purely tactical and short term, especially during the period of the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon Bonaparte had launched the French Invasion of Egypt in 1798 and fought against the Ottomans to establish a French presence in the Middle East, with the ultimate dream of linking with a Muslim enemy of the British in India, Tipu Sultan, in order to oust the British from the Indian subcontinent.^[12]^[13] After having failed a first time, Napoleon entered into a Franco-Ottoman alliance and a Franco-Persian alliance in order to create an overland access for his troops to India.^[14] Following the visit of the Persian Envoy Mirza Mohammad-Reza Qazvini to Napoleon, the Treaty of Finkenstein formalized the alliance on 4 May 1807, in which France supported Persia's claim to Georgia, promising to act so that Russia would surrender the territory. In exchange, Persia was to fight Great Britain, and to allow France to cross the Persian territory to reach India.^[15]

References

^ ^a ^b Margaret Thatcher quoted in François Mitterrand: a very French president by Ronald Tiersky p.411 [1]
^ Foreign policy and discourse analysis: France, Britain and Europe Henrik Larsen p.123 [2]
^ The American Revolution in Indian Country by Colin Gordon Calloway p.6 [3]
^ ^a ^b Family Life in Native America by James M. Volo, Dorothy Denneen Volo p.316 [4]
^ The Complete Idiot's Guide to American History Alan Axelrod p.44
^ ^a ^b Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare, p. 160
^ "The National Galleries of Scotland". Archived from the original on 2008-11-21. Retrieved 2010-01-10.
^ The influence of sea power upon history, 1660–1783 by Alfred Thayer Mahan p. 461 [5]
^ "The History Project, University of California". Archived from the original on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2010-01-10.
^ ^a ^b Britain as a military power, 1688–1815 by Jeremy Black, p
^ Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare, p. 159
^ Tricolor and crescent William E. Watson p.13-14
^ Napoleon and Persia by Iradj Amini, p.12
^ Napoleon and Persia Iradj Amini p.55
^ The Islamic world in decline by Martin Sicker p.97