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Fresno County, California

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Fresno County (/ˈfrɛznoʊ/ ⓘ), officially the County of Fresno, is a county located in the central portion of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 1,008,654.[3][5] The county seat is Fresno,[6] the fifth-most populous city in California.

Fresno County, California
County
County of Fresno
Official seal of Fresno County, California
Seal
Map
Interactive map of Fresno County
Location in the state of California
Location in the state of California
Coordinates: 36°45′N 119°39′W / 36.75°N 119.65°W / 36.75; -119.65
CountryUnited States
StateCalifornia
RegionSan Joaquin Valley
Metro areaFresno–Madera
Incorporated1856
Named forThe city of Fresno (Spanish for "ash tree")
County seatFresno
Largest cityFresno
Incorporated cities15
Government
 • TypeCouncil–CAO
 • BodyBoard of Supervisors
 • ChairSal Quintero
 • Vice ChairNathan Magsig
 • Board of Supervisors[1]
Supervisors
  • Brian Pacheco
  • Steve Brandau
  • Sal Quintero
  • Buddy Mendes
  • Nathan Magsig
 • County Administrative OfficerPaul Nerland
Area
 • Total6,011 sq mi (15,570 km2)
 • Land5,958 sq mi (15,430 km2)
 • Water53 sq mi (140 km2)
Highest elevation
[2]
14,248 ft (4,343 m)
Population
 (2020 Census)[3]
 • Total1,008,654
 • Density170/sq mi (65/km2)
Gross Domestic Product
[4]
 • TotalUS$45.388 billion (2022)
Time zoneUTC−8 (Pacific)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−7 (Pacific Daylight Time)
Area code559
FIPS code06-019
GNIS feature ID277274
Congressional districts5th, 13th, 20th, 21st
Websitewww.co.fresno.ca.us

Fresno County comprises the Fresno, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of the Fresno–Madera, CA Combined Statistical Area. It is located in the Central Valley, south of Stockton and north of Bakersfield. Since 2010, statewide droughts in California have further strained both Fresno County's and the entire Central Valley's water security.[7][8]

History

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The area now known as Fresno County was the traditional homeland of Yokuts and Mono peoples, and was later settled by Spaniards during a search for suitable mission sites. In 1846, this area became part of the United States as a result of the Mexican War.

Fresno County was formed in 1856 from parts of Mariposa, Merced and Tulare counties. Fresno is Spanish for "ash tree"[9] and it was in recognition of the abundance of the shrubby local ash, Fraxinus dipetala, growing along the San Joaquin River that it received its name. Parts of Fresno County's territory were given to Mono County in 1861 and to Madera County in 1893. The original county seat was along the San Joaquin River in Millerton, but was moved to the rapidly growing town of Fresno on the newly built Southern Pacific Railroad line. A special election was held on March 23, 1874, to decide if Millerton should remain the County Seat or if the County Seat should be moved to another location. Fresno won the election that day and became the new Fresno County Seat.

The settling of Fresno County was not without its conflicts, land disputes, and other natural disasters. Floods caused immeasurable damage elsewhere and fires also plagued the settlers of Fresno County. In 1882, the greatest of the early day fires wiped out an entire block of the city of Fresno, and was followed by another devastating blaze in 1883.

At the same time residents brought irrigation, electricity, and extensive agriculture to the area. In 1865, William Helm brought his sheep to Fresno county, which was then a vast space of open land. Helm was the largest individual sheep grower in Fresno County. Moses Church developed the first canals, called "Church Ditches", for irrigation. These canals allowed extensive cultivation of wheat. Francis Eisen, leader of the wine industry in Fresno County, also began the raisin industry in 1875, when he accidentally let some of his grapes dry on the vine. Anthony Easterby and Clovis Cole developed extensive grain and cattle ranches. These and other citizens laid the groundwork for the cultivation of Fresno County – now one of the nation's leading agricultural regions. In more recent times cotton became a major crop in Fresno and the southern San Joaquin Valley, but recent drought and lower demand have lessened cotton's importance to the local economy.[citation needed]

The discovery of oil in the western part of the county, near the town of Coalinga at the foot of the Coast Ranges, brought about an economic boom in the 1900s (decade), even though the field itself was known at least as early as the 1860s. By 1910, Coalinga Oil Field, the largest field in Fresno County, was the most richly productive oil field in California; a dramatic oil gusher in 1909, the biggest in California up until that time, was an event of sufficient excitement to cause the Los Angeles Stock Exchange to close for a day so that its members could come by train to view it. The Coalinga field continues to produce oil, and is currently the eighth-largest field in the state.[10][11]

More than thirty structures in Fresno County are on the National Register of Historic Places, including the Fresno Water Tower, which once held over 250,000 US gallons (950 m3) of water for the city of Fresno, the Meux Home, and Kearney Mansion Museum.[citation needed]

Geography

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According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 6,011 square miles (15,570 km2), of which 5,958 square miles (15,430 km2) is land and 53 square miles (140 km2) (0.9%) is water.[12]

Fresno County consists of about 38 smaller towns including Fresno, Selma, Parlier, Clovis, Reedly, Sanger, Kerman, Kingsburg, Coalinga, Firebaugh, Calwa, Friant, Mendota, Fowler, Shaver lake, San Joaquin, Orange Cove, Del Ray, Yokuts Valley, Auberry, Huron, Caruthers, Riverdale, Laton, Big Creek, Tranquility, Biola, Raisin City, Easton, Three Rocks, Cantou Creek, Lanare, Minkler, Mayfair, Malaga, Bowles, Monmouth, and West Park.[13][14]

Major watercourses are the San Joaquin River, Kings River, Delta-Mendota Canal, Big Creek, Friant Kern Canal, Helm Canal and Madera Canal. It is bordered on the west by the Coast Range and on the east by the Sierra Nevada. It is the center of a large agricultural area, known as the most agriculturally rich county in the United States. The county withdrew 3.7 billion US gallons (14,000,000 m3) of fresh water per day in 2000, more than any other county in the United States. In recent years, statewide droughts in California have further strained both Fresno's and the entire Central Valley's water security.[7][8]

Fresno County is part of the Madera AVA wine region. However, Fresno was named after two particular ash trees that grew near the town of Minkler on the Kings River, one of which is still alive and standing.[citation needed]

Adjacent counties

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National protected areas

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Geology

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A number of minerals have been discovered in the county, including macdonaldite, krauskopfite, walstromite, fresnoite, verplanckite, muirite, traskite, and kampfite.[15][16]

In October 2019, the Bureau of Land Management ended a five-year moratorium on leasing federal land in California to fossil fuel companies, opening 725,000 acres (1100 sq. miles; 29,000 ha) to drilling in San Benito, Monterey, and Fresno counties.[17]

Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18604,605—
18706,33637.6%
18809,47849.6%
189032,026237.9%
190037,86218.2%
191075,65799.8%
1920128,77970.2%
1930144,37912.1%
1940178,56523.7%
1950276,51554.9%
1960365,94532.3%
1970413,05312.9%
1980514,62124.6%
1990667,49029.7%
2000799,40719.8%
2010930,45016.4%
20201,008,6548.4%
2023 (est.)1,017,162[18]0.8%
U.S. Decennial Census[19]
1790–1960[20] 1900–1990[21]
1990–2000[22] 2010[23] 2020[24]

2020 census

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Fresno County, California – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000[25] Pop 2010[23] Pop 2020[24] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
White alone (NH) 317,522 304,522 271,889 39.72% 32.73% 26.96%
Black or African American alone (NH) 40,291 45,005 44,295 5.04% 4.84% 4.39%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 6,223 5,979 6,074 0.78% 0.64% 0.60%
Asian alone (NH) 63,029 86,856 109,665 7.88% 9.33% 10.87%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 682 1,066 1,233 0.09% 0.11% 0.12%
Other Race alone (NH) 1,451 1,744 5,209 0.18% 0.19% 0.52%
Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) 18,573 17,208 29,546 2.32% 1.85% 2.93%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 353,636 468,070 540,743 43.99% 50.31% 53.61%
Total 799,407 930,450 1,008,654 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

2010 census

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The 2010 United States Census reported that Fresno County had a population of 930,450.[citation needed] The racial makeup of Fresno County was 515,145 (55.4%) White, 49,523 (5.3%) African American, 15,649 (1.7%) Native American, 89,357 (9.6%) Asian (3.3% Hmong, 1.7% Asian Indian, 1.0% Filipino, 0.8% Laotian, 0.6% Chinese, 0.5% Japanese, 0.5% Cambodian, 0.3% Vietnamese, 0.2% Korean, 0.1% Pakistani, 0.1% Thai), 1,405 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 217,085 (23.3%) from other races, and 42,286 (4.5%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 468,070 persons (50.3%).[26] 46.0% of Fresno County's population is of Mexican descent; 0.7% of its residents are Salvadoran, and 0.3% of its residents are Puerto Rican.

2000 census

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As of the census[27] of 2000, there were 799,407 people, 252,940 households, and 186,669 families residing in the county. The population density was 134 people per square mile (52 people/km2). There were 270,767 housing units at an average density of 45 per square mile (17/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 54.3% White, 5.3% Black or African American, 1.6% Native American, 8.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 25.9% from other races, and 4.7% from two or more races. 44.0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. In terms of ancestry, the county was 7.5% German, 6.6% Irish, 6.3% English ancestry according to Census 2000. 59.3% spoke English, 31.5% Spanish and 3.1% Hmong as their first language.

There were 252,940 households, out of which 41.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.5% were married couples living together, 15.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.2% were non-families. 20.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.09 and the average family size was 3.59.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 32.1% under the age of 18, 11.1% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 18.5% from 45 to 64, and 9.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females there were 100.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.2 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $34,725, and the median income for a family was $38,455. Males had a median income of $33,375 versus $26,501 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,495. About 17.6% of families and 22.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.7% of those under age 18 and 9.9% of those age 65 or over.

Fresno County is also known for having the highest rate of chlamydia in the state. In 2006 it had 545.2 cases per 100,000 people, compared with the statewide average of 363.5.

Metropolitan Statistical Area

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The United States Office of Management and Budget has designated Fresno County as the Fresno, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area.[28] The United States Census Bureau ranked the Fresno, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area as the 56th most populous metropolitan statistical area of the United States as of July 1, 2012.[29]

The Office of Management and Budget has further designated the Fresno, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area as a component of the more extensive Fresno–Madera, CA Combined Statistical Area,[28] the 49th most populous combined statistical area and the 55th most populous primary statistical area of the United States as of July 1, 2012.[29][30]

Government and policing

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Government

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The Government of Fresno County is defined and authorized under the California Constitution, law, and the Charter of the County of Fresno. Much of the Government of California is in practice the responsibility of county governments, such as the Government of Fresno County. The County government provides countywide services such as elections and voter registration, law enforcement, jails, vital records, property records, tax collection, public health, and social services. In addition the County serves as the local government for all unincorporated areas.

The County government is composed of the elected five-member Board of Supervisors, several other elected offices including the Sheriff,[31] District Attorney, Assessor-Recorder, Auditor-Controller/Treasurer-Tax Collector, and Clerk/Registrar of Voters, and numerous county departments and entities under the supervision of the County Administrator. As of February 2018 the members of the Fresno County Board of Supervisors are:[32]

  • Brian Pacheco, District 1
  • Steve Brandau, District 2
  • Sal Quintero, District 3,
  • Buddy Mendes, District 4
  • Nathan Magsig, District 5

Policing

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County Sheriff

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The Fresno County Sheriff provides court protection, jail administration, and coroner services for all of Fresno County and its population of approximately of 994,400 residents. They operate the Fresno County Jail in downtown Fresno. The department provides police patrol and detective services for the unincorporated areas of the county which encompasses approximately 250,000 residents, or 25% of the county's total population. The department also provides law enforcement services by contract with the city of San Joaquin, population 4100.

Municipal police

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Municipal police departments in the county are: Fresno, population 500,000; Clovis, 110,000; Sanger, 25,000; Reedley, 24,000; Selma, 23,000; Coalinga, 17,000; Kerman, 14,000; Kingsburg, 12,000; Huron, 7,000; Firebaugh, 8,500; Fowler, 6,500.

Politics

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Overview

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Fresno County's voter registration shows a majority of Democratic voters.[33] Presidential elections have been competitive in recent decades. In 2020, Joe Biden became the first Democratic presidential candidate since Lyndon Johnson in 1964 to win a majority of the vote in Fresno County.

The cities of Clovis, Coalinga, and Kingsburg voted overwhelmingly for Mitt Romney in 2012. Reedley did so by much lesser margins and is now a GOP-leaning "swing" city in the county. Huron, Mendota, Orange Cove, Parlier, Fowler, Firebaugh, Fresno, Kerman, Sanger, Selma, and San Joaquin voted overwhelmingly for President Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012.[citation needed]

According to the California Secretary of State, in October 2012, there were 410,188 registered voters in Fresno County. 158,267 (38.6%) were registered Republican, 164,663 (40.1%) were registered Democratic, 19,841 (4.8%) are registered with other political parties, and 67,417 (16.4%) declined to state a political party.[citation needed] Republicans have a plurality or majority of voter roll registration in the cities of Clovis, Coalinga, Kingsburg, Reedley, and the unincorporated areas. The other cities and towns have Democratic pluralities or majorities.

From Fresno County's incorporation in 1856, it voted Democratic in every election until 1904, when President Theodore Roosevelt stood for re-election. Fresno County backed Roosevelt over his Democratic opponent Alton B. Parker. This did not immediately change the county's voting tendencies, however. It supported southern Democrat Woodrow Wilson in the elections of 1912 and 1916.

Fresno County was generally Republican from the onset of the "roaring 1920s" until the Great Depression, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt forged the New Deal Coalition that benefitted the agrarian county. From 1932 to 1976, the county consistently voted Democratic, barring Richard Nixon's landslide victory over former Senator George McGovern (D-SD) in 1972.

With President Jimmy Carter's defeat by Ronald Reagan, Fresno became a GOP-leaning swing county. It barely favored Reagan's successor former President George H. W. Bush and voted Democratic for Bill Clinton in 1992. Republicans won elections in Fresno County by increasing margins from 1996 to 2004. However, when the GOP lost ground with Hispanic voters after 2004, the county swung Democratic, voting twice for Obama, and then for Hillary Clinton in 2016.

United States presidential election results for Fresno County, California[34]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2020 164,464 45.07% 193,025 52.90% 7,428 2.04%
2016 124,049 43.21% 141,341 49.24% 21,672 7.55%
2012 124,490 47.94% 129,129 49.72% 6,078 2.34%
2008 131,015 47.91% 136,706 49.99% 5,731 2.10%
2004 141,988 57.38% 103,154 41.68% 2,321 0.94%
2000 117,342 53.14% 95,059 43.05% 8,434 3.82%
1996 98,813 47.42% 94,448 45.32% 15,132 7.26%
1992 89,137 40.67% 92,418 42.17% 37,606 17.16%
1988 94,835 49.95% 92,635 48.79% 2,400 1.26%
1984 104,757 54.30% 86,315 44.74% 1,864 0.97%
1980 82,515 51.13% 65,254 40.43% 13,617 8.44%
1976 72,533 48.10% 74,958 49.71% 3,314 2.20%
1972 79,051 50.44% 72,682 46.38% 4,986 3.18%
1968 59,901 43.60% 65,153 47.42% 12,342 8.98%
1964 46,792 34.33% 89,375 65.57% 141 0.10%
1960 57,930 44.32% 72,164 55.21% 608 0.47%
1956 51,611 43.33% 67,234 56.44% 270 0.23%
1952 54,626 48.95% 56,135 50.30% 837 0.75%
1948 30,379 37.20% 47,762 58.49% 3,524 4.32%
1944 22,668 35.50% 40,769 63.84% 425 0.67%
1940 21,079 29.79% 48,866 69.07% 805 1.14%
1936 11,545 20.94% 42,859 77.75% 722 1.31%
1932 12,134 26.07% 32,528 69.90% 1,875 4.03%
1928 20,687 54.30% 16,884 44.32% 527 1.38%
1924 15,635 44.01% 4,610 12.98% 15,282 43.02%
1920 14,621 55.36% 9,613 36.39% 2,179 8.25%
1916 11,707 41.07% 14,241 49.95% 2,560 8.98%
1912 95 0.46% 8,891 42.96% 11,710 56.58%
1908 6,384 50.89% 4,743 37.81% 1,418 11.30%
1904 4,929 55.78% 2,815 31.86% 1,092 12.36%
1900 3,585 47.34% 3,590 47.41% 398 5.26%
1896 2,686 40.22% 3,790 56.75% 203 3.04%
1892 3,031 37.18% 3,453 42.35% 1,669 20.47%
1888 2,461 44.81% 2,822 51.38% 209 3.81%
1884 1,314 41.89% 1,704 54.32% 119 3.79%
1880 613 34.95% 1,133 64.60% 8 0.46%

In the United States House of Representatives, Fresno County is split among four congressional districts:[35]

In the California State Senate, the county is split among three legislative districts:[40]

In the California State Assembly, Fresno County is split between the 8th Assembly District, represented by Republican Jim Patterson, and the 31st Assembly District, represented by Democrat Joaquin Arambula.[41]

Fresno tends to remain socially conservative but more moderate on economic issues, which can be seen in Fresno's support for both socially conservative proposition amendments and Democratic candidates in presidential elections, especially if economic times are poor. In contrast, gubernatorial elections are considered safe for Republicans in the county. It voted "Yes" in the 2021 gubernatorial recall election and has voted for the Republican gubernatorial candidate in every election since 1978.

On November 4, 2008, Fresno County voted 68.6% for Proposition 8, which amended the California Constitution to ban same-sex marriages.

Voter registration statistics

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Cities by population and voter registration

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Crime

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The following table includes the number of incidents reported and the rate per 1,000 persons for each type of offense.

Economy

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Agriculture

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Agriculture is the primary industry in Fresno County.[46] 1.88 million acres (0.76 million hectares; 7,600 square kilometres; 2,940 square miles) are under cultivation, almost half the total county area of 3.84 million acres (1.55 million hectares; 15,500 square kilometres; 6,000 square miles).[46] Ag production totaled $7.98 billion in 2017, making it the number one agricultural county in the nation.[46] Over 300 different crops are grown here.[46] Major crops and livestocks include:

The grape harvest brought in $1,046,356,645 in 2017.[46] Production is chronically threatened by the presence of the Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter and the disease it carries, Pierce's Disease.[47][48][49][50] See Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter in California and Pierce's Disease in California.

Pistachio production in the United States was 523,900 MT in 2021, with 40% of that number being from Fresno, California. [51][52]

The peach harvest was worth $264,139,238 in 2017.[46]

Fresno is the second highest cotton producer in the state, harvesting 223,443 bales in 2017.[53] This is a close second to neighboring Kings.[53]

Due to its tremendous agricultural success, the county also has a tremendous problem with glyphosate resistance.[54] Okada et al., 2013 finds a high degree of resistance in Marestail (Conyza canadensis).[54]

Companies based in Fresno County

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Major employers

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Education

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Tertiary education

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Educational institutions in Fresno County include:

Within the California Community Colleges System, Fresno County is mostly covered by the State Center Community College District and the West Hills Community College District. The following campuses are in Fresno County:[57]

K-12 education

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School districts include:[58]

K-12:

Secondary:

Elementary:

Public libraries

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In addition, the Fresno County Public Library operates public libraries throughout the county.

Transportation

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Major highways

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Rail

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Airports

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Commercial service
General Aviation

Public transportation

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Attractions

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Forestiere Underground Garden

Communities

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Cities

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Census-designated places

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Unincorporated communities

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Population ranking

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The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2010 census of Fresno County.[59]

† county seat

Rank City/Town/etc. Municipal type Population (2010 Census)
1 † Fresno City 494,665
2 Clovis City 95,631
3 Sanger City 24,270
4 Reedley City 24,194
5 Selma City 23,219
6 Parlier City 14,494
7 Kerman City 13,544
8 Coalinga City 13,380
9 Kingsburg City 11,382
10 Mendota City 11,014
11 Orange Cove City 9,078
12 Firebaugh City 7,549
13 Huron City 6,754
14 Fowler City 5,570
15 Old Fig Garden CDP 5,365
16 Mayfair CDP 4,589
17 Sunnyside CDP 4,235
18 San Joaquin City 4,001
19 Tarpey Village CDP 3,888
20 Squaw Valley CDP 3,162
21 Riverdale CDP 3,153
22 Caruthers CDP 2,497
23 Auberry CDP 2,369
24 Easton CDP 2,083
25 Calwa CDP 2,052
26 Laton CDP 1,824
27 Del Rey CDP 1,639
28 Biola CDP 1,623
29 West Park CDP 1,157
30 Minkler CDP 1,003
31 Malaga CDP 947
32 Tranquillity CDP 799
33 Shaver Lake CDP 634
34 Lanare CDP 589
35 Friant CDP 509
36 Cantua Creek CDP 466
37 Centerville CDP 392
38 Raisin City CDP 380
39 Three Rocks CDP 246
40 Fort Washington CDP 233
41 Cold Springs Rancheria[60] AIAN 184
42 Big Creek CDP 175
43 Bowles CDP 166
44 Monmouth CDP 152
45 Big Sandy Rancheria[61] AIAN 118
46 Table Mountain Rancheria[62] AIAN 64

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b Percentage of registered voters with respect to total population. Percentages of party members with respect to registered voters follow.
  2. ^ Only larceny-theft cases involving property over $400 in value are reported as property crimes.

References

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  1. ^ "Board of Supervisors | County of Fresno".
  2. ^ "North Palisade". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  3. ^ a b Star, Indianapolis. "Fresno County, California Demographics and Housing 2020 Decennial Census". Indianapolis Star. Retrieved February 13, 2022.
  4. ^ "Gross Domestic Product by County and Metropolitan Area, 2022" (PDF). www.bea.gov. Bureau of Economic Analysis.
  5. ^ "Fresno County, California". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 30, 2022.
  6. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  7. ^ a b "Groundwater Management and Drought: An Interview with the San Joaquin Valley Partnership". water.ca.gov. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
  8. ^ a b Mcgough, Michael (April 29, 2022). "Southern California gets drastic water cutbacks amid drought. What's next for Sacramento?". The Sacramento Bee. Archived from the original on May 13, 2023. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
  9. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 132.
  10. ^ History of the Coalinga area Archived May 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ California Department of Conservation, Oil and Gas Statistics, Annual Report, December 31, 2006, p. 66-67 (2–3 in PDF file)
  12. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  13. ^ "List of Towns and Cities in Fresno County, California, United States, Maps and Steet Views, Geographic.org". geographic.org. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
  14. ^ "Fresno County · California". Fresno County · California. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
  15. ^ Alfors, John T. (March–April 1965). "Seven new barium minerals from eastern Fresno County, California" (PDF). American Mineralogist. 50: 314–340.
  16. ^ Basciano, Laurel C.; Groat, Lee A.; Roberts, Andrew C.; Grice, Joel D.; et al. (2001). "Kampfite, a new barium silicate carbonate mineral species from Fresno County, California" (PDF). The Canadian Mineralogist. 39 (4): 1053–1058. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.553.8742. doi:10.2113/gscanmin.39.4.1053.
  17. ^ Jake Johnson (October 5, 2019), "Merging 'Loyalty to the Oil Industry' and 'Grudge Against California,' Trump Opens 725,000 Acres to Fossil Fuel Drilling", Common Dreams, retrieved October 5, 2019
  18. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  19. ^ "Census of Population and Housing from 1790-2000". US Census Bureau. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
  20. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
  21. ^ Forstall, Richard L., ed. (March 27, 1995). "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
  22. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2, 2001. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
  23. ^ a b "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Fresno County, California". United States Census Bureau.
  24. ^ a b "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Fresno County, California". United States Census Bureau.
  25. ^ "P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Fresno County, California". United States Census Bureau.
  26. ^ "2010 Census P.L. 94-171 Summary File Data". United States Census Bureau.
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