Frumentius

Saint

Frumentius
Saint; Frumentius
	Saint Frumentius
Confessor; Bishop of Axum; Apostle to Ethiopia
Born	4th century; Tyre, Phoenice, Byzantine Empire (modern-day Lebanon)
Died	c. 383; Kingdom of Aksum
Venerated in	Eastern Orthodox Church; Oriental Orthodoxy; Catholicism; Anglican Communion
Feast	27 December (Ethiopian Orthodox Church); 20 July (Catholic Church); 30 November (Eastern Orthodox Church); 18 December (Coptic Orthodox Church);
Patronage	Kingdom of Aksum

Frumentius (Ge'ez: ፍሬምናጦስ; died c. 383) was a Phoenician Christian missionary and the first bishop of Axum who brought Christianity to the Kingdom of Aksum.^[1] He is sometimes known by other names, such as Abuna ("Our Father") and Aba Salama ("Father of Peace").^[2]

This article contains Ethiopic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Ethiopic characters.

He was a native of Phoenicia, born in Tyre, modern day Lebanon.^[3]^[4] As a boy, he was captured with his brother on a voyage, and they became slaves to the King of Axum. He freed them shortly before his death, and they were invited to educate his young heir. They also began to teach Christianity in the region. Later, Frumentius traveled to Alexandria, Egypt, where he appealed to have a bishop appointed and missionary priests sent south to Axum. Thereafter, he was appointed bishop and established the Church in Ethiopia, converting many local people, as well as the king. His appointment began a tradition that the Patriarch of Alexandria appoint the bishops of Ethiopia.^[5]

Biography

According to the fourth-century historian Tyrannius Rufinus (x.9), who cites Frumentius' brother Edesius as his authority, as children (ca. 316) Frumentius and Edesius accompanied their uncle Meropius from their birthplace of Tyre (now in Lebanon) on a voyage to 'India'.^[3]^[6] When their ship stopped at one of the harbors of the Red Sea, local people massacred the whole crew, sparing the two boys, who were taken as slaves to the King of Axum. The two boys soon gained the favor of the king, who raised them to positions of trust. Shortly before his death, the king freed them. The widowed queen, however, prevailed upon them to remain at the court and assist her in the education of the young heir, Ezana, and in the administration of the kingdom during the prince's minority. They remained and (especially Frumentius) used their influence to spread Christianity. First they encouraged the Christian merchants present in the country to practice their faith openly, and they helped them find places "where they could come together for prayer according to the Roman Rite";^[7] later they converted some of the natives.^[1]

When the prince came of age, Edesius returned to Tyre, where he stayed and was ordained a priest.^[3] Frumentius, eager for the conversion of Ethiopia, accompanied his brother as far as Alexandria, where he requested Athanasius, Patriarch of Alexandria, to send a bishop and some priests as missionaries to Ethiopia. By Athanasius' own account, he believed Frumentius to be the most suitable person for the job and consecrated him as bishop,^[8] traditionally in the year 328, or according to others, between 340 and 346.

Frumentius returned to Ethiopia, where he erected his episcopal see at Axum, then converted and baptized King Ezana, who built many churches and spread Christianity throughout Ethiopia. Frumentius established the first monastery of Ethiopia, called Dabba Selama in Dogu'a Tembien. The people called Frumentius Kesate Birhan (Revealer of Light) and Abba Salama (Father of Peace). He became the first Abune, a title given to the head of the Ethiopian Church.

In about 356, the Emperor Constantius II wrote to King Ezana and his brother Saizana, requesting them to replace Frumentius as bishop with Theophilos the Indian, who supported the Arian position, as did the emperor. Frumentius had been appointed by Athanasius, a leading opponent of Arianism. The king refused the request.^[9]^[10]

Ethiopian traditions credit him with the first Ge'ez translation of the New Testament, and being involved in the development of Ge'ez script from an abjad (consonantal-only) into an abugida (syllabic).

Feast date

The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church celebrate the feast of Abba Salama's consecration on Taḫśaś (the 4th month of Ethiopian or Coptic calendar) 18 and departure Hamle (the 11th month of Ethiopian or Coptic calendar) 26.^[11]

The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria celebrates the feast of Frumentius on 18 December,^[12] the Eastern Orthodox Church on 30 November^[13] and the Catholic Church on 20 July.^[14]

Patronage

Frumentius is regarded as the patron saint of the former Kingdom of Aksum, and its contemporary territories.^{[citation needed]}

He is the patron saint of St Frumentius Theological College, the Tigrayan Seminary in Ethiopia.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ ^a ^b Adejumobi, Saheed A. (2007). The History of Ethiopia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-313-32273-0.
^ Alban Butler; Paul Burns (1995). Butler's Lives of the Saints. A&C Black. p. 191. ISBN 0-86012-259-X.
^ ^a ^b ^c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Frumentius" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 270. FRUMENTIUS (c. 300–c. 360), the founder of the Abyssinian church, traditionally identified in Abyssinian literature with Abba Salama or Father of Peace (but see Ethiopia), was a native of Phoenicia.
^
- Nabokov, Vladimir (1964). Notes on Prosody and Abram Gannibal. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 127. ISBN 9781400875924. the history of Abyssinia should be briefly recalled. The Gospel was introduced there about A.D. 327 by Frumentius (c. 290-c. 350), a native of Phoenicia, who was consecrated bishop of Aksum by Athanasius of Alexandria.
- Mullen, Roderic L. (2004). The Expansion of Christianity: A Gazetteer of Its First Three Centuries. Brill. p. 331. ISBN 978-90-47-40232-9. Rufinus, Ecclesiastical History, 10.9-10, records the account of Aedesius and Frumentius, nephews of the Phoenician trader Meropius, who were kidnapped on the coast of "further India" in the time of Constantine and later raised at the royal court.
- Felshman, Jeffrey (1996). "Chapter 73: Gonder (Gonder, Ethiopia)". In Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (eds.). Middle East and Africa International Dictionary of Historic Places. Vol. 4. Taylor & Francis. pp. 278–302. ISBN 9781134259939.
- Kebede, Ashenafi (Spring 1980). "The Sacred Chant of Ethiopian Monotheistic Churches: Music in Black Jewish and Christian Communities". The Black Perspective in Music. 8 (1): 21–34. doi:10.2307/1214519. JSTOR 1214519. Frumentius, the first Ethiopian bishop, was a Phoenician.
^ Stuart Munro-Hay (2002). Ethiopia, the Unknown Land. IB Tauris. p. 20.
^ Villa, Massimo (2017). "Frumentius in the Ethiopic sources: Mythopoeia and text-critical considerations". Rassegna di Studi Etiopici. 1 (3): 87–111. JSTOR 45137006. The narrative is widely known. Meropius, a philosopher from Tyre on the Lebanese coast, is travelling through the Red Sea with two young brothers belonging to his own family, Frumentius and Aedesius.
^ Cardinal Paulos Tzadua on St. Frumentius and the Liturgy of the Ethiopian Church
^ Athanasius, Epistola ad Constantinum
^ "Letter of Constantius to the Ethiopians against Frumentius", Bible Suite, Christian Booksheld
^ "Frumentius of Axum", Blackwell Reference Online
^ Budge, E. A. Wallis. Synaxarium: The Bool of the Saints of The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (PDF). p. 222. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 January 2017.
^ "Date of Feast/Consecration as Bishop of Ethiopia". Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
^ "Friday, November 30, 2018". goarch.org. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
^ Martyrologium Romanum, Editio Altera (Citta del Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2004), p. 401 (#5 on 20 July). "In Æthiopia, sancti Frumentii, episcopi, qui primum ibi captivus, deinde, episcopus a sancto Athanasio ordinatus, Evangelium in ea regione propagavit."

Sources

Martyrologium Romanum, Editio Altera (Citta del Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2004), p. 401

External links

"San Frumenzio", Santi e Beati (in Italian)
Catholic News Agency: Frumentius of Ethiopia Archived 10 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine
Saints.SQPN: Frumentius
Catholic Online: Frumentius

[isbn0-313-32273-2-1] Adejumobi, Saheed A. (2007). The History of Ethiopia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-313-32273-0.

[2] Alban Butler; Paul Burns (1995). Butler's Lives of the Saints. A&C Black. p. 191. ISBN 0-86012-259-X.

[EB-3] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Frumentius" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 270. FRUMENTIUS (c. 300–c. 360), the founder of the Abyssinian church, traditionally identified in Abyssinian literature with Abba Salama or Father of Peace (but see Ethiopia), was a native of Phoenicia.

[4] 
Nabokov, Vladimir (1964). Notes on Prosody and Abram Gannibal. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 127. ISBN 9781400875924. the history of Abyssinia should be briefly recalled. The Gospel was introduced there about A.D. 327 by Frumentius (c. 290-c. 350), a native of Phoenicia, who was consecrated bishop of Aksum by Athanasius of Alexandria.

Mullen, Roderic L. (2004). The Expansion of Christianity: A Gazetteer of Its First Three Centuries. Brill. p. 331. ISBN 978-90-47-40232-9. Rufinus, Ecclesiastical History, 10.9-10, records the account of Aedesius and Frumentius, nephews of the Phoenician trader Meropius, who were kidnapped on the coast of "further India" in the time of Constantine and later raised at the royal court.

Felshman, Jeffrey (1996). "Chapter 73: Gonder (Gonder, Ethiopia)". In Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (eds.). Middle East and Africa International Dictionary of Historic Places. Vol. 4. Taylor & Francis. pp. 278–302. ISBN 9781134259939.

Kebede, Ashenafi (Spring 1980). "The Sacred Chant of Ethiopian Monotheistic Churches: Music in Black Jewish and Christian Communities". The Black Perspective in Music. 8 (1): 21–34. doi:10.2307/1214519. JSTOR 1214519. Frumentius, the first Ethiopian bishop, was a Phoenician.

[5] Nabokov, Vladimir (1964). Notes on Prosody and Abram Gannibal. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 127. ISBN 9781400875924. the history of Abyssinia should be briefly recalled. The Gospel was introduced there about A.D. 327 by Frumentius (c. 290-c. 350), a native of Phoenicia, who was consecrated bishop of Aksum by Athanasius of Alexandria.

[6] Mullen, Roderic L. (2004). The Expansion of Christianity: A Gazetteer of Its First Three Centuries. Brill. p. 331. ISBN 978-90-47-40232-9. Rufinus, Ecclesiastical History, 10.9-10, records the account of Aedesius and Frumentius, nephews of the Phoenician trader Meropius, who were kidnapped on the coast of "further India" in the time of Constantine and later raised at the royal court.

[7] Felshman, Jeffrey (1996). "Chapter 73: Gonder (Gonder, Ethiopia)". In Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (eds.). Middle East and Africa International Dictionary of Historic Places. Vol. 4. Taylor & Francis. pp. 278–302. ISBN 9781134259939.

[8] Kebede, Ashenafi (Spring 1980). "The Sacred Chant of Ethiopian Monotheistic Churches: Music in Black Jewish and Christian Communities". The Black Perspective in Music. 8 (1): 21–34. doi:10.2307/1214519. JSTOR 1214519. Frumentius, the first Ethiopian bishop, was a Phoenician.

[5] Stuart Munro-Hay (2002). Ethiopia, the Unknown Land. IB Tauris. p. 20.

[6] Villa, Massimo (2017). "Frumentius in the Ethiopic sources: Mythopoeia and text-critical considerations". Rassegna di Studi Etiopici. 1 (3): 87–111. JSTOR 45137006. The narrative is widely known. Meropius, a philosopher from Tyre on the Lebanese coast, is travelling through the Red Sea with two young brothers belonging to his own family, Frumentius and Aedesius.

[7] Cardinal Paulos Tzadua on St. Frumentius and the Liturgy of the Ethiopian Church

[8] Athanasius, Epistola ad Constantinum

[9] "Letter of Constantius to the Ethiopians against Frumentius", Bible Suite, Christian Booksheld

[10] "Frumentius of Axum", Blackwell Reference Online

[11] Budge, E. A. Wallis. Synaxarium: The Bool of the Saints of The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (PDF). p. 222. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 January 2017.

[12] "Date of Feast/Consecration as Bishop of Ethiopia". Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 24 November 2007.

[13] "Friday, November 30, 2018". goarch.org. Retrieved 30 November 2018.

[14] Martyrologium Romanum, Editio Altera (Citta del Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2004), p. 401 (#5 on 20 July). "In Æthiopia, sancti Frumentii, episcopi, qui primum ibi captivus, deinde, episcopus a sancto Athanasio ordinatus, Evangelium in ea regione propagavit."

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