Fukushima (written: 福島) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- Chisato Fukushima (福島 千里, born 1988), Japanese sprinter
- Haruka Fukushima (フクシマ ハルカ), Japanese manga artist
- Jun Fukushima (福島 潤, born 1976), Japanese voice actor
- Keido Fukushima (福島 慶道, 1933–2011), Japanese Zen Buddhist
- Koji Fukushima (福島 康司, born 1973), Japanese cyclist
- Kunihiko Fukushima, Japanese computer scientist
- Masami Fukushima (福島 正実, 1929–1976), Japanese science fiction editor, translator and writer
- Fukushima Masanori (福島 正則, 1561–1624), Japanese daimyō
- Kikujirō Fukushima (福島 菊次郎, 1921–2015), Japanese photojournalist
- Mizuho Fukushima (福島 瑞穂, born 1955), Japanese politician, chairperson of Social Democratic Party
- Rila Fukushima (福島 リラ), Japanese fashion model and actress
- Shigeo Fukushima (福島 滋雄, born 1943), Japanese swimmer
- Shinichi Fukushima (福島 晋一, born 1971), Japanese cyclist
- Tadashi Fukushima (福島 正, born 1964), Japanese long-distance runner
- Takanori Fukushima (福島 孝徳, born 1942), Japanese neurosurgeon
- Fukushima Yasumasa (福島 安正, 1852–1919), Japanese general
- Yuki Fukushima (福島 由紀, born 1993), Japanese badminton player
- Yumiko Fukushima (福島 弓子), former Japanese announcer, wife of Ichiro Suzuki