Ichikawa Fusae (市川 房枝, May 15, 1893 – February 11, 1981) was a Japanese feminist, politician and a leader of the women's suffrage movement.[1] Ichikawa was a key supporter of women's suffrage in Japan, and her activism was partially responsible for the extension of the franchise to women in 1945.
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Early life
editBorn in Bisai, Aichi Prefecture in 1893, Ichikawa was raised with an emphasis on education but also as a witness to her mother's physical abuse from her father.[2] She attended the Aichi Women's Teacher Academy with the intention of becoming a primary school teacher.[2] Upon her relocation to Tokyo in the 1910s, however, she became exposed to the women's movement. Returning to Aichi in 1917, she became the first woman reporter with the Nagoya Newspaper.[2] In 1920 she co-founded the New Women's Association (新婦人協会, Shin-fujin kyokai) together with pioneering Japanese feminist Hiratsuka Raicho.[2][3]
Women's suffrage
edit
The New Women's Association was the first Japanese organization formed expressly for the improvement of the status and welfare of women. The organization, under Ichikawa's leadership, campaigned for changes in Japanese laws prohibiting the participation of women in politics. As women were barred from this sort of campaign (by the same law the organization sought to overturn), the organization held events known as "lecture meetings" to further their campaign. The law was eventually overturned by the Imperial Diet in 1922, after which the association disbanded.
Two years later, Ichikawa traveled to the United States, intent on making contact with American women's suffrage leader Alice Paul. Returning to Japan in 1924 to work for the Tokyo branch office of the International Labour Organization, she founded Japan's first women's suffrage organization, the Women's Suffrage League of Japan (日本婦人有権者同盟, Nippon fujin yûkensha dômei), which in 1930 held the country's first ever national convention on the enfranchisement of women in Japan.[4] Ichikawa worked closely with Shigeri Yamataka, who went on to be elected to the House of Councillors.
The postwar occupation period saw Ichikawa play an important role in ensuring that women's suffrage was enshrined in Japan's postwar constitution, arguing that the political empowerment of women might have prevented Japan's entry into such a destructive war. The New Japan Women's League began its operation as an organization dedicated to winning suffrage for women,[5] and Ichikawa was named the organization's first president.
Ichikawa's efforts, coupled with the requirements of the Potsdam Declaration, resulted in full suffrage for women in November 1945.[6]
Other activism
editOther campaigns included efforts to curb the corruption of elections, which led to the 1933 Women's Association to Clean Tokyo Politics and the creation of an official government office, the Central Association to Clean Up Elections, to which Ichikawa was appointed as one of five female trustees. During World War II, Ichikawa was appointed secretary of the Central Association for National Spiritual Mobilization, an organization formed by the Japanese government for the purpose of increasing popular support for the Japanese war effort. She also served as trustee of the Great Japan Women's Association, which coordinated the efforts of private support organizations.
A tireless champion of women's issues, she would organize and participate in women's conferences in Japan and internationally, and in 1980 emerged as the leading voice in urging the Japanese government to ratify the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.
Political career
editAfter World War II, Ichikawa was initially purged and excluded from political or governmental offices by the occupation. She returned to politics after the occupation ended, and was elected to the Diet in 1953 as a representative of Tokyo. She continued to focus on issues important to women, as well as electoral reforms. She was re-elected twice, but failed in her next re-election bid, and left office in 1971.
In 1974, however, the then 81-year-old Ichikawa was asked to run again, and earned a fourth term in the Diet. She was re-elected to the House of Councillors in 1980, with the highest number of votes from the national constituency.[7]
Awards
editIchikawa was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership in 1974 for her efforts in support of social equality.[6]
See also
edit
References
editCitations
edit- ^ "Fusaye Ichikawa". Biography.com. Archived from the original on 2007-08-08. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
- ^ a b c d Lublin, Elizabeth Dorn (2013). "Ichikawa Fusae (1893-1981)". In Perez, Louis G. (ed.). Japan at War: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 133. ISBN 9781598847420.
- ^ Hunter, Janet (1984). Concise Dictionary of Modern Japanese History. University of California Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 0520043901.
- ^ 父が子に送る一億人の昭和史：人物現代史(One Hundred Million People's Showa History, from Father to Child: Modern Historical Biographies). Mainichi Shimbun Press. 1978.
- ^ Mackie, Vera (2003). Feminism in Modern Japan: Citizenship, Embodiment and Sexuality. Cambridge University Press. p. 122. ISBN 0521820189.
- ^ a b "1974 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership". Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
- ^ Alan Warwick Palmer (1996). Who's Who in World Politics: From 1860 to the Present Day. Routledge. ISBN 9780203995679.
Further reading
edit- Ichikawa, Fusae; Nuita, Yoko (Autumn 1978). "Fusae Ichikawa: Japanese Women Suffragist". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. 3 (3). University of Nebraska Press: 58–62. doi:10.2307/3346332. JSTOR 3346332. - Interview of Ichikawa by Yoko Nuita
- Molony, Barbara (February 2011). "From "Mothers of Humanity" to "Assisting the Emperor": Gendered Belonging in the Wartime Rhetoric of Japanese Feminist Ichikawa Fusae". Pacific Historical Review. 80 (1). University of California Press: 1–27. doi:10.1525/phr.2011.80.1.1. JSTOR 10.1525/phr.2011.80.1.1.
- Vavich, Dee Ann (1967). "The Japanese Woman's Movement: Ichikawa Fusae, A Pioneer in Woman's Suffrage". Monumenta Nipponica. 22 (3/4). Sophia University: 402–436. doi:10.2307/2383075. JSTOR 2383075.
- "Ichikawa, Fusae (1893 - 1981)". Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures. National Diet Library.
External links
edit- ICHIKAWA Fusae Center for Women and Governance (公益財団法人市川房枝記念会女性と政治センター) (in Japanese) - Previously known as the Fusae Ichikawa Memorial Association (FIMA, 市川房枝記念会)
- The Fusae Ichikawa Memorial Association at the Wayback Machine (archive index) in English